Table 2.
Biological effects of MSC-EVs and their key factors in ARDS treatment
| Mechanism | Biological effects | Model | Key factors | Cell source | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-inflammatory | Regulating B immune cells | LPS-induced ARDS mouse model | CCL3, CCL4, IL-6, IFN-α | Mouse bone marrow | [93] |
| Inhibiting T cell activation | Immunocytes in vitro | IFN-γ, TNFα | Human bone marrow | [94] | |
| Inducing T cell type conversion | Blood mononuclear cells | TNFβ, TGF-α, IL-1β | Human bone marrow | [95] | |
| Promoting anti-inflammatory phenotype polarization | Macrophages | TGF-β, IL-10, PGE2 | Human adipose tissue | [96] | |
| Promoting mitochondrial transfer | Human monocyte-derived macrophages | CD44, mitochondrial | Human bone marrow | [18] | |
| Cell injury repair | Restoring protein permeability | Human lung microvascular endothelial cells | Ang-1 mRNA | Human bone marrow | [98] |
| Promoting HUVECs proliferation and migration | HUVECs | miR-210 | Mouse bone marrow | [69] | |
| Promoting endothelial cells proliferation and migration | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | miR-221-3p | Human bone marrow | [70] | |
| Promoting mitochondrial transfer | LPS-induced ARDS mouse model | Mitochondria | Human bone marrow | [99] | |
| Improving KGF secretion | Escherichia coli-induced ARDS mice model | CD44, toll-like receptor 3 agonist | Human bone marrow | [101] | |
| Regulating intercellular mRNA | Rat epithelial cells | Caspase 3, p38MARK | Human umbilical cords | [100] | |
| Alveolar fluid clearance | Decreasing Syndecan-1 | Ex vivo perfused human lung model | CD44, Ang-1, Syndecan-1 | Human bone marrow | [106] |
| Upregulating tight-junction claudin 18 | Human lung alveolar epithelial cells | Ang-1, HGF | Human umbilical cords | [107] | |
| Reducing lung protein permeability, decreasing inflammatory cells | Ex vivo perfused human lung model | FGF-7 | Human bone marrow | [108] | |
| Microbial clearance | Promoting mitochondrial transfer | Human monocyte-derived macrophages | Mitochondria | Human bone marrow | [18] |
Ang angiopoietin, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, CD cluster of differentiation, FGF fibroblast growth factor, HGF hepatocyte growth factor, HUVECs human umbilical vein endothelial cells, IFN interferon, IL interleukin, KGF keratinocyte growth factor, LPS lipopolysaccharide, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, miR microRNA, MSC-EVs extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells, PGE2 prostaglandin E2, TGF transforming growth factor, TNF tumor necrosis factor