Table 1.
Comparison of demographic, anthropometric indices, basal heart rate (BHR), blood pressure (BP), heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure variability (BPV) parameters between diabetes mellitus (DM) patients on treatment) with and without hypertension (HTN)
| Variables | Control Group (DM without HTN) (n = 92) |
Test Group (DM with HTN) (n = 88) |
P values |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic & anthropometric parameters | |||
| Age (Years) | 50.83 ± 6.17 | 52.28 ± 5.98 | 0.112 |
| Gender (M/F) ψ | 52/4 | 56/32 | 0.363 |
| Alcohol intake: n (%) ψ | 38(41.3%) | 31(35.2%) | 0.445 |
| Smoking: n (%) ψ | 14(15.2%) | 11 (12.5%) | 0.669 |
| F/H diabetes: n (%) ψ | 43 (46.7%) | 48 (54.5%) | 0.302 |
| F/H hypertension: n (%) ψ | 35 (38%) | 42 (47.7%) | 0.228 |
| F/H CVD: n (%) ψ | 16 (17.6%) | 21 (23.9%) | 0.357 |
| Duration of disease (Years) | 4.75 ± 1.98 | 5.19 ± 1.64 | 0.105 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 25.46 ± 5.07 | 26.51 ± 3.84 | 0.120 |
| BPV parameters | |||
| BHR (beats per min) | 74.21 ± 10.78 | 78.79 ± 10.18 | 0.004 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 118.72 ± 9.11 | 127.59 ± 9.91 | 0.000 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.54 ± 7.83 | 81.28 ± 6.89 | 0.000 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 90.60 ± 7.52 | 96.71 ± 6.28 | 0.000 |
| RPP (mmHg/min) | 88.28 ± 15.82 | 100.45 ± 14.54 | 0.000 |
| SV (mL) | 81.91 ± 15.92 | 88.84 ± 24.34 | 0.024 |
| LVET (ms) | 308.02 ± 49.85 | 322.81 ± 31.90 | 0.019 |
| CO (L/min) | 5.95 ± 1.28 | 6.71 ± 1.74 | 0.001 |
| TPR (mmHg.min/l) | 0.92 ± 0.21 | 1.06 ± 0.35 | 0.002 |
| BRS (ms/mmHg) # | 13.90 ± 5.27 | 6.76 ± 4.58 | 0.000 |
| HRV parameters | |||
| TP (ms2) # | 1012.90 ± 316.18 | 625.88 ± 229.84 | 0.000 |
| LFnu | 54.63 ± 18.30 | 63.68 ± 23.05 | 0.004 |
| HFnu | 46.19 ± 17.65 | 34.44 ± 12.19 | 0.000 |
| LF/HF | 1.30 ± 0.49 | 1.93 ± 0.62 | 0.003 |
| SDNN (ms) | 30.55 ± 10.86 | 20.56 ± 7.90 | 0.000 |
| RMSSD (ms) | 26.73 ± 11.63 | 17.26 ± 7.98 | 0.000 |
| NN50 | 12.27 ± 6.75 | 8.32 ± 3.48 | 0.000 |
| PNN50 | 7.78 ± 5.97 | 2.98 ± 2.16 | 0.000 |
ψ Data expressed as n (%) analyzed by Chi-square test. Rest of the values are expressed as Mean ± SD. Comparison between the groups was done by unpaired Student’s t-test for parametric data and by Mann–Whitney U test for non-parametric data (#). P Value < 0.05 was considered significant
M/F Male/Female; F/H Family history, CVD Cardiovascular diseases, BMI Body mass index, BHR Basal heart rate, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, MAP Mean arterial Pressure, RPP Rate pressure product, TP Total power of HRV, LFnu Normalized Low-frequency power of HRV, HFnu Normalized High-frequency power of HRV, SDNN Standard deviation of normal to normal interval, RMSSD Square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of the differences between adjacent NN intervals, NN50 The number of interval differences of successive NN intervals greater than 50 ms, PNN50 The proportion derived by dividing NN50 by the total number of NN intervals, SV Stroke volume, LVET Left ventricular ejection time, CO Cardiac output, TPR Total peripheral resistance, BRS Baroreflex sensitivity