Table 3.
Hazard of Death Associated With Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Subtype and Number of Disease Sites
| Model 1a | Model 2b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aHR (95% CI) | P | aHR (95% CI) | P | |
| Adults/adolescents (≥15 years old) | ||||
| Exclusively pulmonary | Ref | Ref | ||
| Pleural | .74 (.67–.82) | <.001 | .89 (.81–.99) | .03 |
| Peripheral lymphadenitis | .91 (.81–1.01) | .08 | .84 (.74–.94) | .002 |
| Osteoarticular | .66 (.57–.76) | <.001 | .78 (.68–.90) | <.001 |
| CNS | 3.45 (3.09–3.84) | <.001 | 3.22 (2.89–3.60) | <.001 |
| Abdominal | 1.91 (1.66–2.20) | <.001 | 1.83 (1.59–2.11) | <.001 |
| GU | .38 (.27–.53) | <.001 | .45 (.32–.64) | <.001 |
| 2+ sites involved | 1.65 (1.50–1.81) | <.001 | 1.17 (1.06–1.29) | .001 |
| Children (<15 years old) | ||||
| Non-CNS in one site | Ref | Ref | ||
| CNS | 85.48 (39.79–183.61) | <.001 | 88.25 (43.49–179.10) | <.001 |
| 2+ sites involved | 1.29 (0.62–2.67) | .49 | … | … |
Abbreviations: aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; CNS, central nervous system; EPTB, extrapulmonary tuberculosis; GU, genitourinary; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; Ref, reference; TB, tuberculosis.
Model 1 included only variables indicating the presence of each EPTB subtype and the number of diseased sites.
In adults/adolescents, model 2 further adjusted for age, sex, new vs recurrent TB, microbiological vs clinical diagnosis, rifampicin susceptibility, HIV/ART status, urban vs rural residence, alcohol dependence, injection drug use, homelessness, unemployment, work in healthcare, history of incarceration, and history of migration. In children, model 2 further adjusted for age group, rifampicin susceptibility, and new vs recurrent TB. In the adult/adolescent group, we analyzed age as a continuous variable; in the pediatric group, we analyzed age as a categorical variable to account for nonlinear changes in TB risk and clinical presentation that occur in childhood [18, 26].