Table 1.
Continuous Across Categorical Moderator Characteristics for Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis
| Continuous moderator | M | Range | j | M | Range | j | M | Range | j |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| Test type | Recall | Recognition | |||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Age | 47.6 | 18.2–92.3 | 180 | 47.5 | 18.5–92.3 | 106 | |||
| Sex | .680 | .2–1 | 174 | .655 | .2–1 | 100 | |||
| Education | 12.7 | 3.9–17.4 | 113 | 12.5 | 7.1–16.3 | 68 | |||
| Premorbid IQ | 108.2 | 78.9–123.1 | 45 | 108.4 | 90.6–123.1 | 32 | |||
| Diagnostic status | .845 | 0–1 | 188 | .820 | 0–1 | 110 | |||
| Depression status | .807 | 0–1 | 188 | .822 | 0–1 | 110 | |||
| Medication status | .455 | 0–1 | 132 | .380 | 0–1 | 81 | |||
| Symptom severity | 15.5 | .2–33 | 144 | 15.3 | 1.5–32.8 | 82 | |||
| Episode | .628 | 0–1 | 64 | .608 | 0–1 | 36 | |||
| Time since diagnosis | 135.6 | 1.7–477.6 | 57 | 137.7 | 7.1–477.6 | 35 | |||
| Age of depression onset | 37.7 | 15.3–74.1 | 57 | 34.2 | 15.3–71.3 | 35 | |||
| Onset (LOD vs. EOD) | .572 | 0–1 | 28 | .474 | 0–1 | 11 | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Recall type | Cued | Free | |||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Age | 46.3 | 21.1–83.3 | 37 | 47.9 | 18.2–92.3 | 168 | |||
| Sex | .674 | .3–1 | 37 | .676 | .2–1 | 161 | |||
| Education | 13.7 | 7.2–16.0 | 26 | 12.7 | 3.9–17.4 | 108 | |||
| Premorbid IQ | 109.1 | 95.3–117.0 | 13 | 108.3 | 78.9–123.1 | 41 | |||
| Diagnostic status | .873 | 0–1 | 40 | .850 | 0–1 | 173 | |||
| Depression status | .909 | 0–1 | 40 | .791 | 0–1 | 173 | |||
| Medication status | .383 | 0–1 | 31 | .438 | 0–1 | 122 | |||
| Symptom severity | 17.7 | 2.4–28.5 | 31 | 15.2 | .2–33.0 | 132 | |||
| Episode | .551 | 0–1 | 13 | .614 | 0–1 | 60 | |||
| Time since diagnosis | 164.1 | 1.7–477.6 | 18 | 132.2 | 1.7–477.6 | 52 | |||
| Age of depression onset | 34.8 | 15.8–74.1 | 18 | 37.9 | 15.3–74.1 | 52 | |||
| Onset (LOD vs. EOD) | .530 | 0–1 | 7 | .582 | 0–1 | 27 | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Test delay | Immediate | Short delay | Long delay | ||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Age | 49.2 | 18.2–92.3 | 135 | 44.9 | 18.5–84.9 | 88 | 49.5 | 19.5–76.5 | 104 |
| Sex | .662 | .2–1 | 127 | .679 | .2–1 | 87 | .667 | .2–1 | 102 |
| Education | 12.6 | 5.6–17.4 | 89 | 12.7 | 3.9–16.3 | 53 | 13.0 | 5.6–16.5 | 74 |
| Premorbid IQ | 107.9 | 78.9–123.1 | 37 | 109.7 | 90.6–119.9 | 20 | 107.8 | 78.9–123.1 | 34 |
| Diagnostic status | .873 | 0–1 | 139 | .777 | 0–1 | 93 | .889 | 0–1 | 108 |
| Depression status | .791 | 0–1 | 139 | .883 | 0–1 | 93 | .769 | 0–1 | 108 |
| Medication status | .431 | 0–1 | 106 | .408 | 0–1 | 58 | .488 | 0–1 | 86 |
| Symptom severity | 15.6 | .2–32.8 | 109 | 15.9 | 1.5–33.0 | 69 | 15.0 | 1.2–31.2 | 90 |
| Episode | .646 | 0–1 | 50 | .627 | 0–1 | 29 | .602 | 0–1 | 47 |
| Time since diagnosis | 127.5 | 4.7–352.0 | 44 | 152.9 | 1.7–477.6 | 24 | 140.4 | 1.7–477.6 | 40 |
| Age of depression onset | 38.3 | 17.6–74.1 | 44 | 31.3 | 15.8–71.3 | 24 | 36.8 | 15.8–64.8 | 40 |
| Onset (LOD vs. EOD) | .560 | 0–1 | 19 | .496 | 0–1 | 11 | .534 | 0–1 | 19 |
|
| |||||||||
| Stimulus material | Words | High verbalizable | Low verbalizable | ||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Age | 46.7 | 18.2–92.3 | 190 | 50.7 | 19.9–92.3 | 42 | 55.0 | 32.0–76.4 | 44 |
| Sex | .666 | .2–1 | 186 | .664 | .2–1 | 40 | .663 | .2–1 | 42 |
| Education | 12.8 | 3.9–17.4 | 119 | 11.5 | 6.4–16.2 | 26 | 12.2 | 5.6–15.8 | 34 |
| Premorbid IQ | 108.5 | 78.9–123.1 | 48 | 105.2 | 78.9–123.1 | 12 | 104.9 | 78.9–119.9 | 19 |
| Diagnostic status | .835 | 0–1 | 200 | .736 | 0–1 | 44 | .994 | .812–1 | 44 |
| Depression status | .824 | 0–1 | 200 | .849 | 0–1 | 44 | .796 | 0–1 | 44 |
| Medication status | .428 | 0–1 | 139 | .397 | 0–1 | 30 | .527 | 0–1 | 37 |
| Symptom severity | 15.5 | .2–33.0 | 152 | 16.7 | 3.1–32.8 | 30 | 17.2 | 1.2–32.8 | 36 |
| Episode | .609 | 0–1 | 66 | .564 | 0–1 | 12 | .548 | 0–1 | 23 |
| Time since diagnosis | 136.0 | 1.7–477.6 | 59 | 63.1 | 7.1–160.0 | 7 | 118.9 | 4.7–316.8 | 21 |
| Age of depression onset | 37.1 | 15.3–74.1 | 59 | 38.7 | 23.2–71.3 | 7 | 41.4 | 25.0–64.8 | 21 |
| Onset (LOD vs. EOD) | .572 | 0–1 | 28 | .517 | 0–1 | 5 | .561 | 0–1 | 13 |
|
| |||||||||
| Valence | Neutral | Positive | Negative | ||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Age | 47.9 | 18.5–92.3 | 192 | 36.6 | 18.2–84.9 | 72 | 35.8 | 18.2–84.9 | 81 |
| Sex | .665 | .2–1 | 186 | .724 | .3–1 | 69 | .709 | .3–1 | 77 |
| Education | 12.7 | 3.9–17.4 | 129 | 13.2 | 8.1–17.4 | 27 | 13.2 | 8.1–17.4 | 28 |
| Premorbid IQ | 108.7 | 78.9–123.1 | 54 | 104.1 | 90.6–113.0 | 8 | 106.5 | 90.6–118.4 | 10 |
| Diagnostic status | .850 | 0–1 | 200 | .758 | 0–1 | 75 | .696 | 0–1 | 86 |
| Depression status | .829 | 0–1 | 200 | .853 | 0–1 | 75 | .868 | 0–1 | 86 |
| Medication status | .440 | 0–1 | 150 | .436 | 0–1 | 42 | .417 | 0–1 | 44 |
| Symptom severity | 15.9 | .2–33.0 | 149 | 15.4 | 1.5–29.5 | 60 | 14.9 | 1.5–29.5 | 69 |
| Episode | .635 | 0–1 | 70 | .600 | 0–1 | 14 | .560 | 0–1 | 15 |
| Time since diagnosis | 133.8 | 1.7–477.6 | 65 | 99.3 | 22.0–230.6 | 17 | 99.3 | 22.0–230.6 | 17 |
| Age of depression onset | 36.2 | 15.3–74.1 | 65 | 28.1 | 15.3–56.0 | 17 | 28.1 | 15.3–56.0 | 17 |
| Onset (LOD vs. EOD) | .554 | 0–1 | 28 | 1 | — | 2 | 1 | — | 2 |
|
| |||||||||
| Memory outcome | Accuracy | Discrimination | Commission errors | ||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Age | 46.6 | 18.1–92.3 | 208 | 41.3 | 19.4–84.9 | 32 | 44.3 | 18.2–92.3 | 32 |
| Sex | .665 | .2–1 | 186 | .718 | .5–1 | 30 | .652 | .3–1 | 34 |
| Education | 12.7 | 3.9–17.4 | 129 | 13.3 | 10.2–15.9 | 19 | 12.5 | 8.4–16.0 | 15 |
| Premorbid IQ | 108.7 | 78.9–123.1 | 54 | 108.8 | 93.5–118.4 | 14 | 106.7 | 95.3–117.0 | 9 |
| Diagnostic status | .850 | 0–1 | 200 | .713 | 0–1 | 32 | .699 | 0–1 | 38 |
| Depression status | .829 | 0–1 | 200 | .843 | 0–1 | 32 | .958 | 0–1 | 38 |
| Medication status | .440 | 0–1 | 150 | .363 | 0–1 | 21 | .375 | 0–1 | 23 |
| Symptom severity | 15.9 | .2–33.0 | 149 | 15.2 | 2.4–27.5 | 27 | 17.6 | 7.0–28.5 | 24 |
| Episode | .635 | 0–1 | 70 | .467 | 0–1 | 11 | .677 | .5–1 | 4 |
| Time since diagnosis | 133.8 | 1.7–477.6 | 65 | 118.1 | 4.7–477.6 | 13 | 140.6 | 30.7–205.3 | 12 |
| Age of depression onset | 36.2 | 15.3–74.1 | 65 | 28.9 | 15.8–42.3 | 13 | 29.9 | 18.9–41.8 | 12 |
| Onset (LOD vs. EOD) | .554 | 0–1 | 28 | 0 | — | 1 | — | — | 0 |
|
| |||||||||
| Memory process | Familiarity | Recollection | |||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Age | 34.2 | 19.9–47.1 | 9 | 35.5 | 19.9–47.3 | 10 | |||
| Sex | .685 | .571–.813 | 10 | .677 | .571–.813 | 11 | |||
| Education | 14.7 | 13.8–15.5 | 4 | 14.7 | 13.8–15.5 | 4 | |||
| Premorbid IQ | 113.6 | 110.5–118.4 | 6 | 114.0 | 110.5–118.4 | 7 | |||
| Diagnostic status | .5 | 0–1 | 10 | .545 | 0–1 | 11 | |||
| Depression status | .884 | 0–1 | 10 | .894 | 0–1 | 11 | |||
| Medication status | .536 | 0–1 | 6 | .459 | 0–1 | 7 | |||
| Symptom severity | 13.9 | 10.3–19.1 | 9 | 14.7 | 10.3–21.6 | 10 | |||
| Episode | .750 | 0–1 | 4 | .726 | 0–1 | 5 | |||
| Time since diagnosis | 133.3 | 25.2–241.2 | 4 | 133.3 | 25.2–241.2 | 4 | |||
| Age of depression onset | 28.0 | 24.8–35.8 | 4 | 28.0 | 24.8–35.8 | 4 | |||
| Onset (LOD vs. EOD) | — | — | 0 | — | — | 0 | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Publication status | Unpublished | Published | |||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Age | 37.5 | 18.2–84.9 | 34 | 47.4 | 18.5–92.3 | 190 | |||
| Sex | .739 | .3–1 | 30 | .663 | .2–1 | 190 | |||
| Education | 13.1 | 10.7–16.0 | 9 | 12.7 | 3.9–17.4 | 127 | |||
| Premorbid IQ | 113.6 | 106.0–120.8 | 6 | 108.2 | 78.9–123.1 | 49 | |||
| Diagnostic status | .518 | 0–1 | 37 | .867 | 0–1 | 199 | |||
| Depression status | .915 | 0–1 | 37 | .824 | 0–1 | 199 | |||
| Medication status | .245 | 0–.706 | 16 | .463 | 0–1 | 150 | |||
| Symptom severity | 15.0 | 1.5–20.3 | 27 | 15.9 | .2–33.0 | 152 | |||
| Episode | .587 | .3–1 | 7 | .632 | 0–1 | 68 | |||
| Time since diagnosis | 85.3 | 74.6–95.9 | 2 | 133.9 | 1.7–477.6 | 65 | |||
| Age of depression onset | 23.3 | 22.4–24.2 | 2 | 36.7 | 15.3–74.1 | 65 | |||
| Onset (LOD vs. EOD) | .320 | — | 1 | .578 | 0–1 | 28 | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Recruitment site | Community/university setting | Patient setting | |||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Age | 36.9 | 18.2–83.3 | 58 | 48.3 | 22.6–76.5 | 114 | |||
| Sex | .686 | .3–1 | 61 | .666 | .2–1 | 109 | |||
| Education | 13.8 | 8.7–16.5 | 20 | 12.1 | 3.9–16.1 | 82 | |||
| Premorbid IQ | 113.2 | 104.1–123.1 | 9 | 106.8 | 78.9–117.0 | 31 | |||
| Diagnostic status | .450 | 0–1 | 69 | .975 | 0–1 | 114 | |||
| Depression status | .841 | 0–1 | 69 | .838 | 0–1 | 114 | |||
| Medication status | .201 | 0–1 | 34 | .585 | 0–1 | 92 | |||
| Symptom severity | 13.4 | 1.5–33.0 | 49 | 17.5 | 1.2–31.2 | 90 | |||
| Episode | .699 | .5–1 | 17 | .577 | 0–1 | 37 | |||
| Time since diagnosis | 146.0 | 63.6–330.0 | 10 | 110.7 | 1.7–352.0 | 40 | |||
| Age of depression onset | 35.1 | 15.3–56.4 | 10 | 38.2 | 18.9–74.1 | 40 | |||
| Onset (LOD vs. EOD) | .570 | —a | 4 | .621 | 0–1 | 17 | |||
Note. j = number of unique depression-control group comparisons. All continuous moderators are based on information from depression groups. Diagnostic status = proportion diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Depression status = proportion experiencing current (as opposed to remitted) symptoms of depression. Episode = proportion with recurrent episodes of depression (as opposed to first-episode depression). Onset = proportion with late-onset depression (LOD; onset after age ∼50) relative to early-onset depression (EOD). Medication = proportion taking medication for depression. If a study only reported Age of Depression Onset, Time Since Diagnosis was calculated using the mean age (and vice versa).
a
Range is not reported because the estimated onset was used in all four studies. That is, the exact proportion of participants with LOD versus EOD could not be calculated for these studies, so the proportion was estimated using the mean proportion from all other studies that reported data on this variable.