Table 2.
Basic characteristics of participants by metabolic syndrome
| Characteristics | Total (n = 6628) | Metabolic Syndrome | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event (n = 1691) | Non-Event (n = 4937) | |||
| Age (year), mean (SD) | 50.12 (14.73) | 54.09 (12.83) | 48.76 (15.09) | < 0.001* |
| Sex, n (%) | < 0.001* | |||
| Man | 2955 (44.6) | 677 (40.0) | 2278 (44.6) | |
| Women | 3673 (55.4) | 1014 (60.0) | 2659 (55.4) | |
| Race, n (%) | 0.570 | |||
| Han | 6562 (99.0) | 1672 (98.9) | 4890 (99.0) | |
| Minority | 66 (1.0) | 19 (1.1) | 47 (1.0) | |
| Region, n (%) | 0.092 | |||
| Urban | 3613 (54.5) | 892 (52.7) | 2721 (55.1) | |
| Rural | 3015 (45.5) | 799 (47.3) | 2216 (44.9) | |
| Occupation, n (%) | 0.273 | |||
| Physical work | 5070 (76.5) | 1310 (77.5) | 3760 (76.2) | |
| Non-physical work | 1558 (23.5) | 381 (22.5) | 1177 (23.8) | |
| Educational level, n (%) | < 0.001* | |||
| None | 836 (12.6) | 303 (17.9) | 533 (10.8) | |
| Primary school education | 2246 (33.9) | 625 (37.0) | 1621 (32.8) | |
| Middle school education | 2905 (43.8) | 656 (38.8) | 2249 (45.6) | |
| University education or higher | 641 (9.7) | 107 (6.3) | 534 (10.8) | |
| Marriage status, n (%) | < 0.001* | |||
| Unmarried | 357 (5.4) | 46 (2.7) | 311 (6.3) | |
| Married | 5968 (90.0) | 1544 (91.3) | 4424 (89.6) | |
| Widowed or divorced | 303 (4.6) | 101 (6.0) | 202 (4.1) | |
| Household income (× 1000 RMB) | 0.038* | |||
| < 30 | 1029 (15.5) | 261 (15.4) | 768 (15.6) | |
| 30 ≤ Household income < 50 | 1171 (17.7) | 321 (19.0) | 850 (17.2) | |
| 50 ≤ Household income < 100 | 1218 (18.4) | 280 (16.6) | 938 (19.0) | |
| 100 ≤ Household income < 200 | 514 (7.8) | 122 (7.2) | 392 (7.9) | |
| ≥ 200 | 171 (2.6) | 34 (2.0) | 137 (2.8) | |
| Refuse to answer or don't know | 2525 (38.1) | 673 (39.8) | 1852 (37.5) | |
| Behaviors factors | ||||
| Cigarette smoking | 0.003* | |||
| Nonsmoker | 4428 (66.8) | 1180 (69.8) | 3248 (65.8) | |
| Smoker | 2200 (33.2) | 511 (30.2) | 1689 (34.2) | |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 0.027* | |||
| No | 3929 (59.3) | 1041 (61.6) | 2888 (58.5) | |
| Yes | 2699 (40.7) | 650 (38.4) | 2049 (41.5) | |
| Exercise, n (%) | 0.019* | |||
| No | 5479 (82.7) | 1430 (86.6) | 4049 (82.0) | |
| Yes | 1149 (17.3) | 261 (15.4) | 888 (18.0) | |
| Family history of diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 0.524 | |||
| No | 6222 (93.9) | 1582 (93.6) | 4640 (94.0) | |
| Yes | 406 (6.1) | 109 (6.4) | 297 (6.0) | |
| Weight change in the past 12 months, n (%) | 0.221 | |||
| Increase in > 2.5 kg | 609 (9.2) | 164 (9.7) | 445 (9.0) | |
| Unchanged (< 2.5 kg) | 4743 (71.6) | 1217 (72.0) | 3526 (71.4) | |
| Decease in > 2.5 kg | 596 (9.0) | 132 (7.8) | 464 (9.4) | |
| Unclear | 680 (10.3) | 178 (10.5) | 502 (10.2) | |
| Household air pollution exposure | ||||
| Passive smoking, n (%) | 0.598 | |||
| No | 1531 (32.0) | 393 (31.2) | 1138 (32.3) | |
| Yes | 3250 (68.0) | 868 (68.8) | 2382 (67.7) | |
| Biomass fuel | 0.323 | |||
| No | 5136 (77.5) | 1325 (78.4) | 3811 (77.2) | |
| Yes | 1492 (22.5) | 366 (21.6) | 1126 (22.8) | |
| Grain consumption(g/daily), medium (IQR) | 400.00 (376.90) | 394.39 (371.73) | 400.00 (380.00) | 0.212 |
| Vegetable and Fruit consumption (g/daily), medium (IQR) | 308.00 (298.35) | 308.00 (293.33) | 308.33 (299.00) | 0.891 |
| Red Meat consumption (g/daily), medium (IQR) | 71.43 (95.96) | 53.57 (96.29) | 80.00 (115.86) | 0.019* |
| Ambient air pollution exposure (μg/m3), mean (SD) | ||||
| PM2.5 | 37.2 (4.8) | 37.4 (4.5) | 37.1 (4.8) | 0.040* |
| PM10 | 55.4 (5.0) | 55.2 (4.8) | 55.5 (5.1) | 0.041* |
| SO2 | 16.1 (3.8) | 16.2 (3.9) | 16.1 (3.8) | 0.227 |
| NO2 | 26.0 (12.6) | 25.3 (11.4) | 26.2 (12.9) | 0.007* |
| O3 | 56.2 (6.4) | 56.7 (5.9) | 56.1 (6.5) | 0.005* |
| Anthropometry | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 23.04 (3.36) | 25.65 (3.21) | 22.15 (2.92) | < 0.001* |
| BMI category, n (%) | < 0.001* | |||
| Under weight | 504 (56.4) | 15 (0.9) | 489 (9.9) | |
| Normal | 3741 (7.6) | 504 (29.8) | 3237 (65.6) | |
| Overweight/ Obese | 2383 (36.0) | 1172 (69.3) | 1211 (24.5) | |
| MetS, n (%) | 1691 (25.5) | 1691 (100.0) | - | |
| Central obesity, n (%) | 2038 (30.7) | 1236 (73.1) | 802 (16.2) | < 0.001* |
| High TG, n (%) | 1379 (20.8) | 998 (59.0) | 381 (7.7) | < 0.001* |
| Low HDL-c, n (%) | 2759 (41.6) | 1325 (78.4) | 1434 (29.0) | < 0.001* |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 3339 (50.4) | 1430 (84.6) | 1909 (38.7) | < 0.001* |
| High FBG, n (%) | 1606 (24.2) | 920 (54.4) | 686 (13.9) | < 0.001* |
BMI Body-mass index, FBG Fasting blood glucose, HDL-c High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, IQR Inter Quartile Range, n Number, MetS Metabolic syndrome, NO2 Nitrogen dioxide, O3 Ozone, PM2.5 Particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm, PM10 Particulate matter < 10 µm, Red meat beef, pork, lamb, SD Standard deviation, SO2 Sulfur dioxide, TG Triglyceride
∗:P < 0.05