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. 2022 Sep 12;37(8):710–719. doi: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.12.014

Table 3.

Mean ± SD of the scores of multiple sclerosis QoL subscales after and before the intervention among the groups.

Variables AT + Vit D AT Vit D C P-valuea
Physical health
 Before 39.13 ± 1.43 39.32 ± 2.23 38.90 ± 2.10 38.85 ± 2.32
 After 49.04 ± 2.17 46.14 ± 1.35 41.32 ± 1.54 37.06 ± 1.60
 P† 0.001* 0.001* 0.031* 0.087
 Δ 9.91 ± 0.74 μ€β 6.82 ± 0.88€β 2.42 ± 0.56β −1.79 ± 0.72€β 0.001¥
Role limitations due to physical problems
 Before 31.67 ± 2.15 32.13 ± 2.11 31.95 ± 3.01 32.32 ± 1.73
 After 43.21 ± 3.17 40.18 ± 1.93 36.14 ± 1.19β 31.73 ± 1.26
 P† 0.001* 0.023* 0.039* 0.214
 Δ 11.54 ± 1.02 μ€β 8.05 ± 0.18€β 4.19 ± 1.82β −0.59 ± 0.74 0.001¥
Role limitations due to emotional problems
 Before 35.23 ± 1.12 36.22 ± 2.41 35.97 ± 3.07 36.04 ± 1.57
 After 53.36 ± 1.45 48.65 ± 2.36 39.55 ± 1.24 35.21 ± 1.42
 P† 0.001* 0.001* 0.034* 0.471
 Δ 18.13 ± 0.33 μ€β 12.43 ± 0.05€β 3.58 ± 1.83β −0.83 ± 0.15 0.001¥
Pain
 Before 65.42 ± 1.26 66.03 ± 1.31 65.76 ± 2.09 66.20 ± 2.13
 After 74.36 ± 2.01 69.37 ± 2.19 67.25 ± 1.26 65.18 ± 1.39
 P† 0.001* 0.035* 0.049* 0.327
 Δ 8.94 ± 0.75 μ€β 3.34 ± 0.88€β 1.49 ± 0.83β −1.02 ± 0.74 0.001¥
Emotional well being
 Before 41.54 ± 1.19 41.12 ± 2.25 40.95 ± 2.16 42.33 ± 1.70
 After 49.18 ± 2.11 46.13 ± 2.48 43.14 ± 1.44 42.04 ± 0.98
 P† 0.001* 0.017* 0.028* 0.514
 Δ 7.64 ± 0.92 μ€β 5.01 ± 0.23€β 2.19 ± 0.72β −0.29 ± 0.72 0.001¥
Energy
 Before 30.56 ± 1.42 31.26 ± 2.65 30.88 ± 2.15 31.84 ± 1.38
 After 38.06 ± 2.24 36.77 ± 1.83 33.27 ± 1.46 30.09 ± 0.78
 P† 0.001* 0.001* 0.037* 0.491
 Δ 7.5 ± 0.82€β 5.51 ± 0.82€β 2.39 ± 0.69β 1.75 ± 0.6 0.001¥
Health perception
 Before 42.56 ± 2.08 43.13 ± 1.76 43.34 ± 1.96 42.33 ± 2.11
 After 51.12 ± 1.67 50.16 ± 1.78 47.10 ± 1.21 42.08 ± 1.04
 P† 0.001* 0.001* 0.021* 0.647
 Δ 8.56 ± 0.41€β 7.03 ± 0.02€β 3.76 ± 0.75β −0.25 ± 1.07 0.001¥
Social function
 Before 60.44 ± 1.23 61.11 ± 2.76 61.32 ± 3.04 60.88 ± 2.13
 After 67.20 ± 1.46 65.27 ± 1.29 63.15 ± 1.36 60.55 ± 1.39
 P† 0.001* 0.015* 0.029* 0.723
 Δ 6.76 ± 0.23 μ€β 4.16 ± 1.47€β 1.83 ± 1.68β −0.33 ± 0.74 0.001¥
Cognitive function
 Before 65.23 ± 1.21 66.17 ± 1.73 65.22 ± 2.06 66.27 ± 2.16
 After 72.20 ± 1.46 70.04 ± 1.33 68.06 ± 1.05 66.02 ± 1.44
 P† 0.001* 0.019* 0.034* 0.650
 Δ 6.97 ± 0.25 μ€β 4.23 ± 0.4€β 2.84 ± 1.01β 0.25 ± 0.72 0.001¥
Health distress
 Before 70.32 ± 1.56 71.13 ± 1.21 70.66 ± 3.19 70.30 ± 2.14
 After 77.36 ± 2.01 76.27 ± 1.29 73.45 ± 2.16 70.21 ± 2.09
 P† 0.001* 0.035* 0.049* 0.421
 Δ 7.04 ± 0.45€β 5.14 ± 0.08€β 2.79 ± 1.03β −0.09 ± 0.05 0.001¥
Sexual function
 Before 68.22 ± 2.31 68.76 ± 1.82 69.11 ± 2.34 69.30 ± 2.24
 After 76.36 ± 2.01 73.27 ± 1.07 71.35 ± 1.34 69.21 ± 2.19
 P† 0.001* 0.021* 0.044* 0.627
 Δ 8.14 ± 0.3 μ€β 4.51 ± 0.75€β 2.24 ± 1β 0.09 ± 0.05 0.001¥
Change in health
 Before 43.15 ± 1.38 42.67 ± 2.76 43.04 ± 1.96 42.73 ± 2.33
 After 47.12 ± 1.57 46.30 ± 1.34 45.10 ± 0.92β 42.38 ± 1.24
 P† 0.001* 0.027* 0.043* 0.501
 Δ 3.97 ± 0.19€β 3.63 ± 1.42€β 2.06 ± 1.04β −0.35 ± 1.09 0.001¥
Satisfaction with sexual function
 Before 55.34 ± 2.27 56.16 ± 1.64 55.77 ± 1.40 56.33 ± 2.21
 After 63.20 ± 1.33 60.22 ± 2.30 59.14 ± 1.51 55.80 ± 1.43
 P† 0.001* 0.017* 0.036* 0.320
 Δ 7.86 ± 0.94 μ€β 4.06 ± 0.66€β 3.37 ± 0.11β −0.53 ± 0.18 0.001¥
Overall QoL
 Before 54.74 ± 1.47 55.19 ± 1.54 55.47 ± 0.88 54.68 ± 1.20
 After 59.20 ± 1.33 58.27 ± 2.36 56.13 ± 1.47 54.19 ± 1.59
 P† 0.001* 0.001* 0.039* 0.670
 Δ 4.46 ± 0.14€β 3.08 ± 0.82€β 0.66 ± 0.59β −0.19 ± 0.39 0.001¥
Physical health composite
 Before 48.15 ± 2.08 48.77 ± 2.76 47.14 ± 2.06 48.59 ± 1.50
 After 57.11 ± 1.36 56.32 ± 2.31 53.16 ± 1.58 48.21 ± 2.23
 P† 0.001* 0.001* 0.022* 0.709
 Δ 8.96 ± 0.72 €β 7.55 ± 0.45€β 6.02 ± 0.48β −0.38 ± 0.73 0.001¥
Mental health composite
 Before 53.24 ± 1.30 54.17 ± 1.66 53.37 ± 1.43 54.33 ± 2.48
 After 62.21 ± 1.40 59.73 ± 2.30 57.12 ± 1.49 53.80 ± 1.43
 P† 0.001* 0.027* 0.034* 0.420
 Δ 8.97 ± 0.1 μ€β 5.56 ± 0.64€β 3.75 ± 0.06β −0.53 ± 1.05 0.001¥

AT + Vit D: aerobic training + vitamin D supplement; AT: aerobic training group; Vit D: vitamin D supplement group; C: the control group. *Data analysis was done by the analysis of one-way analysis of variance test followed by post hoc Tukey's test; P†: Statistical analysis was done by paired sample t-test. *: Significantly different in comparison pre- and post within the groups. ¥: Significantly different comparing Δ between groups. μ: Significantly different comparing with AT. €: Significantly different comparing with Vit D. β: Significantly different comparing with C.