Table 2.
Association between lower levels of high-molecular-weight adiponectin and presence and severity of NAFLD in patients with type 2 diabetes
| Patients without hepatic steatosis (n = 28) | Patients with hepatic steatosis alone (n = 32) | Patients with hepatic steatosis and significant fibrosis (n = 19) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio(s) | 95% CI | p value | Odds ratio(s) | 95% CI | p value | ||
| Unadjusted model | |||||||
| Decrease in adiponectin (ug/mL) | Ref | 3.12 | 1.45–6.67 | 0.004 | 6.25 | 2.43–16.7 | < 0.001 |
| Adjusted model 1 | |||||||
| Decrease in adiponectin (ug/mL) | Ref | 2.43 | 1.03–5.56 | 0.043 | 3.70 | 1.23–11.1 | 0.020 |
| Age (years) | Ref | 0.95 | 0.88–1.02 | 0.143 | 0.94 | 0.86–1.03 | 0.194 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | Ref | 1.13 | 0.94–1.36 | 0.183 | 1.14 | 0.91–1.43 | 0.262 |
| HOMA-IR score | Ref | 1.02 | 0.60–1.76 | 0.934 | 1.47 | 0.84–2.59 | 0.179 |
| Adjusted model 2 | |||||||
| Decrease in adiponectin (ug/mL) | Ref | 2.44 | 1.04–5.56 | 0.042 | 3.84 | 1.23–10.0 | 0.020 |
| Age (years) | Ref | 0.95 | 0.88–1.02 | 0.144 | 0.94 | 0.86–1.03 | 0.193 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | Ref | 1.13 | 0.94–1.37 | 0.181 | 1.14 | 0.90–1.44 | 0.263 |
| HOMA-IR score | Ref | 1.03 | 0.60–1.78 | 0.916 | 1.48 | 0.83–2.63 | 0.181 |
| PNPLA3 rs738409 (CC vs. CG/GG genotype) | Ref | 1.20 | 0.43–3.29 | 0.729 | 1.22 | 0.34–4.32 | 0.759 |
| Adjusted model 3 | |||||||
| Decrease in adiponectin (ug/mL) | Ref | 2.56 | 1.08–6.25 | 0.034 | 4.00 | 1.29–14.3 | 0.015 |
| Age (years) | Ref | 0.94 | 0.87–1.01 | 0.115 | 0.94 | 0.86–1.03 | 0.184 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | Ref | 1.17 | 0.96–1.42 | 0.120 | 1.16 | 0.91–1.47 | 0.225 |
| HOMA-IR score | Ref | 0.94 | 0.55–1.62 | 0.824 | 1.37 | 0.78–2.39 | 0.272 |
| TM6SF2 rs58542926 (CC vs. CT genotype) | Ref | 3.59 | 0.49–26.7 | 0.210 | 1.30 | 0.08–21.1 | 0.855 |
| Adjusted model 4 | |||||||
| Decrease in adiponectin (ug/mL) | Ref | 2.38 | 1.02–5.56 | 0.045 | 3.58 | 1.29–11.1 | 0.024 |
| Age (years) | Ref | 0.94 | 0.88–1.02 | 0.132 | 0.94 | 0.86–1.03 | 0.177 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | Ref | 1.14 | 0.95–1.38 | 0.162 | 1.13 | 0.90–1.43 | 0.282 |
| HOMA-IR score | Ref | 1.01 | 0.58–1.74 | 0.984 | 1.48 | 0.84–2.63 | 0.179 |
| MBOAT7 rs641738 (CC vs. CT/TT genotype) | Ref | 1.43 | 0.57–3.62 | 0.447 | 0.97 | 0.29–3.29 | 0.962 |
Bold entries in P-value are statistically significant
Sample size, n = 79 unless where indicated. Data are expressed as odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CI) as tested by multinomial logistic regression analysis. The dependent variable for all multinomial logistic regression models was the presence and severity of NAFLD, categorized as follows: patients without hepatic steatosis on ultrasound (reference group), patients with hepatic steatosis alone (group 1), and patients with steatosis and coexisting significant fibrosis on VCTE (group 2). Plasma adiponectin and HOMA-IR values were logarithmically transformed before analysis. The impact of each genetic variant on the presence and severity of NAFLD was assessed using dominant genetic models
Abbreviations: HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, MBOAT7 membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 7, PNPLA3 patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3, ref. reference category, TM6SF2 transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2