Table 1.

Serum-based steatosis markers

Blood markers/algorithms	Components or formulas	AUROC	Study population (no. of participants)/diagnostic tools
Hepatic steatosis index[31]	8 × ALT/AST + BMI (+ 2, if type 2 diabetes; + 2, if female)	0.72–0.82	Korean (n = 10,724)/ultrasound
Fatty liver index[30]	(e0.953 × ln (TG) + 0.139*BMI + 0.718 × ln (GGT) + 0.053 × WC − 15.745)/(1 + e 0.953 × ln (TG) + 0.139 × BMI + 0.718 × ln (GGT) + 0.053 × WC − 15.745) × 100	0.79–0.85	Italian (n = 496)/ultrasound
NAFLD liver fat score[32]	− 2.89 + 1.18 × metabolic syndrome (yes = 1/no = 0) + 0.45 × type 2 diabetes (yes = 2/no = 0) + 0.15 × insulin (mU/L) + 0.04 × AST − 0.94 × AST/ALT	0.78–0.87	Finnish (n = 470)/1H-MRS
SteatoTest[33]	ALT, α2-macroglobulin, apolipoprotein A1, haptoglobin, total bilirubin, GGT, total cholesterol, TG, glucose, age, gender, BMI	0.72–0.86	Caucasians (n = 2272)/liver biopsy Patented test. The model equation was not presented
Lipid accumulation product (LAP)[36, 37]	[WC (cm)–65 (male) or –58 (female)] × [TG (mmol/L)]	0.72–0.83	NHANES III (development, n = 9180), Italian (validation, n = 588)/ultrasound (in evaluation study) Originally developed as an index of cardiometabolic risk
Visceral adiposity index[34]	Male: [WC/39.68 + (1.88 × BMI)] × (TG/1.03) × (1.31/HDL) Female: [WC/36.58 + (1.89 × BMI) × (TG/0.81) × (1.52/HDL)	0.92	Validated in French NAFLD patients (n = 324)/liver biopsy Originally developed in patients with hepatitis C
Triglyceride/glucose index[35]	Log (TG × glucose/2)	0.90	Validated in French NAFLD patients (n = 324)/liver biopsy Originally developed as a measure of insulin sensitivity

Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; AUROC, area under the receiver operating characteristic; BMI, body mass index; GGT, gamma glutamyltransferase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; TG, triglycerides; WC, waist circumference