FIG. 4.
Depiction of three independent pathways for the evolution of six- and seven-TMS transporter modules. A, MC family of exchange transporters; B, MIP family of aquaporins and glycerol facilitators; C, LCT family of eukaryotic organellar proteins. Arrows indicate the direction of passage through the membrane, while numbers refer to the TMSs in the repeat unit of the polypeptide chain.