Table 2.
Characteristics of patients according to the presence of autoantibodies.
| Characteristic |
All patients (N = 51) |
Autoantibody negative (N = 32) |
Autoantibody positive (N = 19) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (F/M) | 21/30 | 10/22 | 11/8 | 0.062 |
| Age (years) | 65.7 ± 13.1 | 64.1 ± 14.9 | 68.4 ± 9.2 | 0.214 |
| TE during COVID-19 | 8 (15.7%) | 6 (18.8%) | 2 (10.5%) | 0.694 |
| WBCs (×109/l), med (IQR) | 6.2 (4.3–10.1) | 6.35 (4.45–11.1) | 5.8 (4.3–8.8) | 0.453 |
| NETs (×109/l, med (IQR) | 4.5 (2.9–7.5) | 5.35 (3.05–8.65) | 4.0 (2.4–5.9) | 0.094 |
| LYMs (×109/l), med (IQR) | 0.8 (0.6–1.8) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.8 (0.6–1.3) | 0.837 |
| RBCs (×1012/l), mean ± SD | 4.35 ± 0.52 | 4.36 ± 0.52 | 4.35 ± 0.53 | 0.936 |
| Hgb (g/l), mean ± SD | 131.33 ± 15.75 | 132.91 ± 14.70 | 128.68 ± 17.47 | 0.360 |
| PLTs (×109/l), med (IQR) | 174.0 (128–242) | 180.5 (117–230) | 172 (146–261) | 0.311 |
| Ferritin (ug/l), med (IQR) | 688.5 (313–1.412) | 687 (297–1,365) | 694 (313–1,478) | 0.712 |
| D-dimer (mg/l), med (IQR) | 0.98 (0.56–2.4) | 1.0 (0.55–2.02) | 0.72 (0.56–2.5) | 0.770 |
| PT (s), mean ± SD | 12.83 ± 3.04 | 12.92 ± 3.38 | 12.69 ± 2.44 | 0.647 |
| aPTT (s), mean ± SD | 24.41 ± 5.12 | 24.95 ± 3.08 | 23.52 ± 7.42 | 0.340 |
| PCT (ng/ml), med (IQR) | 0.12 (0.07–0.25) | 0.11 (0.07–0.22) | 0.12 (0.07–0.3) | 0.447 |
| CRP (mg/l), med (IQR) | 72 (44.2–103.0) | 76.8 (38.4–105.0) | 65.8 (50.0–100.0) | 0.579 |
| IL-6 (ng/l), med (IQR) | 49.5 (22.9–116) | 49.95 (21.45–89.7) | 88.1 (24.9–141.0) | 0.188 |
| C3 (g/l), mean ± SD | 1.26 ± 0.35 | 1.23 ± 0.35 | 1.30 ± 0.35 | 0.468 |
| C4 (g/l), mean ± SD | 0.27 ± 0.11 | 0.28 ± 0.12 | 0.26 ± 0.09 | 0.545 |
| IgG (g/l), mean ± SD | 10.05 ± 3.48 | 9.35 ± 3.63 | 11.2 ± 2.93 | 0.064 |
| IgM (g/l), mean ± SD | 1.1 ± 0.52 | 1.11 ± 0.58 | 1.07 ± 0.41 | 0.816 |
| IgA (g/l), mean ± SD | 2.55 ± 1.35 | 2.56 ± 1.42 | 2.53 ± 1.26 | 0.876 |
| Symptoms on admission | ||||
| Cough | 49 (96.1%) | 30 (93.8%) | 19 (100%) | 0.523 |
| Dyspnea | 44/51 (86.3%) | 26 (81.3%) | 18 (94.7%) | 0.236 |
| Diarrhea | 7/51 (13.7%) | 7 (21.9%) | 0 | 0.037 |
| Headache | 8/51 (16.0%) | 4 (12.9%) | 4 (21.1%) | 0.459 |
| Fever | 46/51 (90.2%) | 28 (87.5%) | 18 (94.7%) | 0.639 |
| NIH severity category | ||||
| Mild | 0 | - | - | - |
| Moderate | 19 (37.3%) | 13 (40.6%) | 6 (31.6%) | 0.518 |
| Severe and critical | 32 (62.7%) | 19 (59.4%) | 13 (68.4%) | |
| PSI, mean ± SD | 88.49 ± 30.21 | 89.13 ± 33.0 | 87.42 ± 25.65 | 0.845 |
| ≤ 90 | 26 (51.0%) | 16 (50.0%) | 10 (52.6%) | |
| >90 | 25 (49.0%) | 16 (50.0%) | 9 (47.4%) | 0.856 |
| SII score, med (IQR) | 1.064 (500–2,041.2) | 1,217.9 (486.8–2,086.5) | 1,021.2 (500.6–1,626.7) | 0.770 |
| <1,835 | 37 (72.5%) | 22 (68.8%) | 15 (78.9%) | |
| ≥1,835 | 14 (27.5%) | 10 (31.3%) | 4 (21.1) | 0.430 |
| Duration of symptoms (days) | 22.5 ± 10.9 | 22.8 ± 13.6 | 21.1 ± 12.9 | 0.520 |
| Treatment | ||||
| Corticosteroids | 51 (100%) | - | - | - |
| Tocilizumab | 9 (18.0%) | 6 (19.4%) | 3 (15.8%) | 1.0 |
| Favipiravir | 5 (9.8%) | 4 (12.5%) | 1 (5.3%) | 0.639 |
| Oxygen | 40 (80%) | 29 (93.5%) | 18 (94.7%) | 1.0 |
| NIMV | 8 (16.0%) | 4 (12.9%) | 4 (21.1%) | 0.459 |
| LMWH | 51 (100%) | - | - | - |
| Outcome | ||||
| Recovery | 44 (86.3%) | 28 (87.5%) | 16 (84.2%) | 1.0 |
| Lethal outcome | 7 (13.7%) | 4 (12.5%) | 3 (15.8%) | |
TE, thrombotic events; WBCs, white blood cells; NETs, neutrophils; LYMs, lymphocytes; RBCs, red blood cells; Hgb, Hemoglobin; PLTs, platelets; PCT, procalcitonin; CRP, C-reactive protein.