Table 5.
Comparison of the reported prevalence of refractive errors in selected population-based studies in school children and adolescents in mainland China.
| References | Area | Sample size | Survey year | Age rage (years) | Study area | Definition for REs | Prevalence of myopia | Prevalence of hyperopia | Prevalence of astigmatism | Prevalence of Anisometropia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wu et al. (23) | 12 cities* | 43,771 | N.A | 11.45 ± 2.65 | R+U | Questionnaires | 25.7% (R) vs. 38% (U) | N.A | N.A | N.A |
| He et al. (24) | Yangxi | 2,400 | 2005 | 13–17 | R | Myopia SE ≤ -0.50 D; Hyperopia SE > +2.00 D; Astigmatism: cylinder of > or = 0.75 D (Cycloplegia) | 33.0 | 1.0 | 25.3 | N.A |
| Wu et al. (19) | Shandong# | 6,026 | 2013 | 4–18 | R+U | Myopia: SE ≤ −0.50 D; Mild Hyperopia +0.5D < SE ≤ +2.0 D; Medium to Marked Hyperopia SE > +2.0 D; Astigmatism: cylindrical RE ≥ 0.75 D; Anisometropia: difference between right eye to left eye in SE of ≥ 1.0 D (Cycloplegia) | 30.7 (R) vs 43.5 (U)† | Mild: 49.2 (R) vs. 35.9 (U)†; Medium to Marked: 6.4 (R) vs. 5.2 (U)† | 32.1 (R) vs. 40.7 (U)† | 6.1 (R) vs. 7.9 (U)† |
| You et al. (17) | Beijing | 15,066 | N.A. | 7–18 | R+U | SE ≤ −0.50 D (Cycloplegia) | 64.9 (overall) | NA | NA | NA |
| Pan et al. (25) | Mojiang | 4,778 | 7.7–13.8 | R | SE < −0.5 D (Cycloplegia) | 29.4% (7.7 y) 2.4% (13.8 y) | NA | NA | NA | |
| Congdon et al. (26) | Xichang | 1,892 | 2007 | 11.4–17.1 | U | SE < −0.5 D (Cycloplegic) | 62.3% | NA | NA | NA |
| Guo et al. (27) | Ejina | 1,565 | 2012 | 6–21 | R | SE ≤ −0.50 D (Cycloplegic) | 60.0% | NA | NA | NA |
| He et al. (21) | Guanghzou | 4,364 | 2002–2003 | 5–15 | U | Myopia SE ≤ −0.50 D; Hyperopia SE > +2.00 D; Astigmatism: cylinder of > or = 0.75 D (autorefraction under cycloplegia) | 78.4 | 1% | 42.7% | NA |
| Li et al. (28) | Anyang | 4,861 | 2011 | 5–16 | U | Myopia SE ≤ −0.50 D; Hyperopia SE > +2.00 D; (Cycloplegia) | 3.9% (5–6 y); 67.3% (15- 16 y) | 23.3% (grade 1); 1.2% (grade 7) | NA | NA |
| Li et al. (29) | Heilongjiang | 1,675 | 2008–2009 | 5–18 | U | Myopia SE ≤ −0.50 D; Hyperopia SE > +0.50 D; Astigmatism: cylinder of > or = 0.75 D (Cycloplegia) | 5.0% | 1.6% | 2.0% | N.A |
| Chen et al. (30) | Fenghua | 43,858 | 2001–2015 | 17–18 | U | Myopia SE ≤ −0.50 D; (Without Cycloplegia) | 79.5% (2001); 87.7% (2015) | NA | NA | NA |
| Sun et al. (31) | Qingdao | 3,753 | 2015–2016 | 10–15 | U | Myopia SE < −0.50 D (Cycloplegia) | 52.02% | NA | NA | NA |
| Guo et al. (32) | Beijing | 35,745 | 2016 | 6–18 | R+U | Myopia SE < −0.50 D (Without cycloplegia) | 70.9% | NA | NA | NA |
| Ma et al. (33) | Shanghai | 8,267 | 2013 | 10 | U | Myopia SE ≤ −0.50 D; Hyperopia SE > +0.50 D; (Cycloplegia) | 52.2% | 2.6% | NA | NA |
| Guo et al. (34) | Guangzhou | 3,055 | 2014 | 6–15 | U | Myopia SE ≤ −0.50 D; (Cycloplegia) | 47.3% | NA | NA | NA |
| Lyu et al. (35) | Beijing | 4,249 | 2011 | 5–14 | U | Myopia SE ≤ −0.50 D; (Cycloplegia) | 36.7% | NA | NA | NA |
| Wu et al. (36) | Beijing | 4,677 | N.A. | 16–18 | U | Myopia SE ≤ −1.00 D; (Without cycloplegia) | 80.7% | NA | NA | NA |
| Pi et al. (37) | Yongchuan | 3,070 | 2006–2007 | 6–15 | R | Myopia SE ≤ −0.50 D; Hyperopia SE ≥+2.00 D; Astigmatism: cylinder of > or = 1.0 D (Cycloplegia) | 13.75% | 3.26% | 3.75% | NA |
*Beijing, Shaoxing, Shenzhen, Chongqing, Guizhou, Taiyuan, Ma'anshan, Shenyang, Urumqi, Changsha, Yinchuan and Zhengzhou.
#Weihai (urban), Guanxian (rural).
†Statistical significant, P < 0.05.
REs, refractive errors; U, urban; R, rural; SE, spherical equivalence; D, dioptres; NA, not applicable.