Table 1.
Summarized characteristics of included studies
| Author | Publication year/data collection time | Country Development status Income level Individuals using the Internet (% of population) |
Data collection method | Lock down | Participant group | Mean age | Sample size/female % | Measures | Type of behavioral addiction | NOS total/category | Population-based study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| i. Internet addiction | |||||||||||
| Truzoli [62] | 2021/ |
Italy Developed High income 74.39 |
Online | Yes | Students | 19.3 | 191/73.3 | IAT | Internet | 5/high risk of bias | No |
| Tahir [63•] | 2021/2020 |
Multi Country Developing Lower intermediate income |
Online | No | General population | NR | 2749/64 | IAT | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Ozturk [64] | 2021/2020 |
Turkey Developed Upper intermediate income 73.98 |
Online | No | Students | NR | 1572/63.9 | Parent–child IAT | Internet | 7/low risk of bias | No |
| Aközlü [65] | 2021/2020 |
Turkey Developed Upper intermediate income 73.98 |
Questionnaire | No | Students | 8.52 | 154 | Parent–child IAT | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Kamaşak [66] | 2022/2021 |
Turkey Developed Upper intermediate income 73.98 |
Online | No | Children | 13 | 4892/51.6 | Parent–child IAT | Internet | 7/low risk of bias | No |
| Perez-Siguas [67] | 2021/ |
USA Developed High income 88.5 |
Online | No | Voluntarily participate | NR | 113/71.7 | IAT | Internet | 3/high risk of bias | No |
| Gansner [68] | 2022/2020 |
USA Developed High income 88.5 |
Online | No | Adolescents with psychiatric disorders | 16.95 | 42/76.2 | PRIUSS | Internet | 5/high risk of bias | No |
| Lakkunarajah [69] | 2022/2021 |
USA Developed High income 88.5 |
Questionnaire | No | Adolescents with psychiatric disorders | 16 | 447/96 | PRIUSS | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Siste [70] | 2021/2020 |
Indonesia Developing Lower intermediate income 47.69 |
Online | Yes | Students | 17.38 | 2932/78.7 | IAT | Internet | 5/high risk of bias | No |
| Siste [71] | 2020/2020 |
Indonesia Developing Lower intermediate income 47.69 |
Online | No | Adults | 31.84 | 4734/44.8 | IAT | Internet | 5/high risk of bias | No |
| Jiang [72] | 2022/ |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Questionnaire | No | University students | 20.49 | 2688 | IAT | Internet | 8/low risk of bias | No |
| Li [73•] | 2021/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | General population | 33.63 | 20,472/56.5 | IAT | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Zhu [74] | 2020/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | University students | 20.56 | 7562/54.4 | YDQ | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Li [75] | 2021/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Face-to-face interview | No | Adolescents with psychiatric disorders | 14.73 | 1454/61.2 | IAT | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Wu [76] | 2021/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | Students | 14.9 | 625/50.7 | IAT | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Liang [77] | 2022/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | Youth | 22.28 | 552/ 63.4 | IAT | Internet | 7/low risk of bias | No |
| Dong [18] | 2020/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | Students | 12.34 | 2050/48.44 | IAT | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Cai [78] | 2021/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | University students | 19.7 | 1070/75.2 | IAT | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Sun [79] | 2020/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | General population | 28.23 | 6416/53 | IAT | Internet | 3/high risk of bias | Yes |
| Zhao [80] | 2021/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | University students | 20 | 11,254/64 | IAT | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Liu [81] | 2022/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | Yes | Students | 13.8 | 4852/51.5 | IAT | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Xia [82] | 2021/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | Yes | University students | 19.69 | 494/71.5 | IAT | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Xie [83] | 2021/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | University students | 21.27 | 8879/54.4 | YDQ | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Shehata [84] | 2021/2020 |
Egypt Developing Lower intermediate income 57.28 |
Questionnaire | No | University students | NR | 746/67.16 | IAT | Internet | 7/low risk of bias | No |
| AlSumait [85] | 2021/ |
Middle East Developed Upper intermediate income 65.14 |
Online | Yes | voluntarily participate | NR | 613/68.9 | IAT | Internet | 4/high risk of bias | No |
| Jahan [86] | 2021/2020 |
Bangladesh Developing Lower intermediate income 18.02 |
Online | No | Students | NR | 601/42.8 | IAT | Internet | 7/low risk of bias | No |
| Nakayama [87] | 2021/2020 |
Japan Developed High income 91.28 |
Questionnaire | No | Students | NR | 802/48.9 | YDQ | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Lin [88] | 2020/ = 2020 |
Taiwan Developed High income 91 |
Questionnaire | No | Students | 14.72 | 1042/48.36 | IAT | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Prakash [89] | 2020/2020 |
India Developing Lower intermediate income 32.00 |
Online | Yes | General population | 27.69 | 350/34.6 | IAT | Internet | 7/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Meitei [90] | 2021/2020 |
India Developing Lower intermediate income 32.00 |
Online | Yes | General population | NR | 585 | IAT | Internet | 7/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Gecaite-Stonciene [91] | 2021/2020 |
Lithuania Developed High income 81.58 |
Online | No | University students | 22 | 619/92.9 | PRIUSS | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Vejmelka [92] | 2021/2020 |
Croatia Developing High income 79.08 |
Online | No | Students | 14.97 | 494/57.3 | IAT | Internet | 7/low risk of bias | No |
| Volpe [93] | 2022/2022 |
Italy Developed High income 74.39 |
Online | Yes | Adults | 32.5 | 1385/62.5 | IAT; IGDS; BSMAS | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Ismail [94] | 2021/2020 |
Malaysia Developed Upper intermediate income 84.21 |
Online | No | University students | NR | 237/69.6 | IAT; IGDS | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Oka [95] | 2021/2020 |
Japan Developed High income 91.28 |
Online | No | Adults | 46.6 | 51,246/50.1 | CIUS; IGDS | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Ballarotto [96] | 2021/2020 |
Italy Developed High income 74.39 |
Online | No | Adults | 22.96 | 400/70 | IAT; BSMAS | Internet | 5 /high risk of bias | No |
| Duan [97] | 2020/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | Students | NR | 3183/49.85 | IAT; SAS-SF | Internet | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| ii. Gaming addiction | |||||||||||
| Saritepeci [98] | 2022/2021 |
Turkey Developed Upper intermediate income 73.98 |
Online | No | University students | 21.35 | 588/69.6 | IAT | Gaming | 5/high risk of bias | No |
| Çakıroğlu [99] | 2021/2020 |
Turkey Developed Upper intermediate income 73.98 |
Online | No | Students | 13.7 | 410/56.3 | IGDS | Gaming | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Nugraha [100] | 2021/2020 |
Indonesia Developing Lower intermediate income 47.69 |
Online | No | Students | NR | 136/36.76 | GAS-A | Gaming | 4/high risk of bias | No |
| Chang [101] | 2022/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | Students | 15.16 | 1305/41.5 | IGDS | Gaming | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Zhu [10] | 2021/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Questionnaire | Yes | Students | 12.6 | 2863/52.7 | CGAS-SF | Gaming | 7/low risk of bias | No |
| Wu [102] | 2022/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | General population | 27 | 5268/47.4 | IGDS | Gaming | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Teng [103] | 2021/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | Yes | Students | NR | 1778/49.3 | IGDS | Gaming | 7/low risk of bias | No |
| Galán [104] | 2021/2021 |
Spain Developed High income 90.72 |
online | No | University students | 23.7 | 310/69.9 | GAS-A | Gaming | 5/high risk of bias | No |
| Duong [105] | 2021/2020 |
Vietnam Developing Lower intermediate income 68.7 |
Questionnaire | No | Students | 14.5 | 2084/50.2 | IGDS | Gaming | 7/low risk of bias | No |
| Zaman [106] | 2022/2020 |
Pakistan Developing Lower intermediate income 17.07 |
Online | Yes | General population | 25 | 618/32.52 | GAS | Gaming | 7/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Fazeli [107] | 2020/2020 |
Iran Developing Lower intermediate income 70 |
Online | Yes | Students | 15.51 | 1512/44.6 | IGDS | Gaming | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Volpe [93] | 2022/2022 |
Italy Developed High income 74.39 |
Online | Yes | Adults | 32.5 | 1385/62.5 | IAT; IGDS; BSMAS | Gaming | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Ismail [94] | 2021/2020 |
Malaysia Developed Upper intermediate income 84.21 |
Online | No | University students | NR | 237/69.6 | IAT; IGDS | Gaming | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| She [108] | 2022/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Questionnaire | No | Students | 13.6 | 3136/51.9 | PBS | Gaming | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Forster [109] | 2021/2020 |
USA Developed High income 88.5 |
No | University students | NR | 1027/78.32 | IAT; SAS-SF | Gaming | 6/low risk of bias | No | |
| Oka [95] | 2021/2020 |
Japan Developed High income 91.28 |
Online | No | Adults | 46.6 | 51,246/50.1 | CIUS; IGDS | Gaming | 6/low risk of bias | No |
|
Koós Wave 1 [110•] |
2022/2020 |
Hungary Developed High income 80.37 |
Online | Yes | General population | 41.96 | 1747/49.5 | PGSI; IGDS; BSMAS; CSBDS | Gaming | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
|
Koós Wave 2 [110•] |
2022/2020 |
Hungary Developed High income 80.37 |
Online | Yes | General population | 41.96 | 656/49.5 | PGSI; IGDS; BSMAS; CSBDS | Gaming | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
|
Koós Wave 3 [110•] |
2022/2020 |
Hungary Developed High income 80.37 |
Online | Yes | General population | 41.96 | 411/49.5 | PGSI; IGDS; BSMAS; CSBDS | Gaming | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Claesdotter-Knutsson [111] | 2022/2021 |
Sweden Developed High income 94.49 |
Online | No | General population | NR | 932/48.5 | PGSI; GAS-A | Gaming | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Chen [23] | 2021/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | Students | 11.29 | 504/50 | SABAS; BSMAS; IGDS | Gaming | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| iii. Gambling addiction | |||||||||||
| Amerio [112] | 2021/2021 |
Italy Developed High income 74.39 |
Online | Yes | General population | NR | 6003/50.66 | Pacifici et al. 2019 | Gambling | 5/high risk of bias | Yes |
| Salerno [113] | 2021/2020 |
USA Developed High income 88.5 |
Online | No | General population | 33.65 | 254/55.9 | PG adaptation of Yale-Brown OCS | Gambling | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Xuereb [114] | 2021/2020 |
USA Developed High income 88.5 |
Online | Yes | Gamblers in past 12 month | 37.93 | 424/36.1 | PGSI | Gambling | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Håkansson [115] | 2020/2020 |
Sweden Developed High income 94.49 |
Online | Yes | Gamblers in past 12 month | NR | 997/25 | PGSI | Gambling | 5/high risk of bias | No |
| Månsson [116] | 2021/2020 |
Sweden Developed High income 94.49 |
Online | Yes | Gamblers in past 12 month | 39.8 | 325/35.2 | PGSI | Gambling | 5/high risk of bias | No |
| Claesdotter-Knutsson [117] | 2021/2021 |
Sweden Developed High income 94.49 |
Online | Yes | General population | NR | 1064/44 | PGSI | Gambling | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Håkansson [118] | 2021/2020 |
Sweden Developed High income 94.49 |
Online | No | General population | NR | 2029/52 | PGSI | Gambling | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Håkansson [119] | 2020/2020 |
Sweden Developed High income 94.49 |
No | Elite athletes | NR | 327/36.09 | PGSI | Gambling | 5/high risk of bias | No | |
| Håkansson [120] | 2020/2020 |
Sweden Developed High income 94.49 |
Online | No | General population | NR | 2016/49 | PGSI | Gambling | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Wardle [121] | 2021/2020 |
UK Developed High income 92.52 |
Online | Yes | people who bet regularly (at least monthly) on sports before COVID-19 | NR | 3866/20.23 | PGSI | Gambling | 5/high risk of bias | No |
| Sharman [122] | 2021/2020 |
UK Developed High income 92.52 |
Online | No | General population | 33.19 | 1028/72.1 | BPGS | Gambling | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Lischer [123] | 2021/2020 |
Switzerland Developed High income 93.15 |
No | Gamblers in past 12 month | 33.5 | 110/22.7 | SOGS | Gambling | 5/high risk of bias | No | |
| Gainsbury [124] | 2021/2020 |
Australia Developed High income 86.55 |
Online | No | Gamblers in past 12 month | 43.8 | 764/14.4 | PGSI | Gambling | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Zamboni [9•] | 2021/2020 |
Italy Developed High income 74.39 |
Online | No | General population | 43.25 | 1196/64.6 | One item asking about of control of the behavior | Gambling | 1/high risk of bias | Yes |
|
Koós Wave 1 [110•] |
2022/2020 |
Hungary Developed High income 80.37 |
Online | Yes | General population | 41.96 | 1747/49.5 | PGSI; IGDS; BSMAS; CSBDS | Gambling | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
|
Koós Wave 2 [110•] |
2022/2020 |
Hungary Developed High income 80.37 |
Online | Yes | General population | 41.96 | 656/49.5 | PGSI; IGDS; BSMAS; CSBDS | Gambling | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
|
Koós Wave 3 [110•] |
2022/2020 |
Hungary Developed High income 80.37 |
Online | Yes | General population | 41.96 | 411/49.5 | PGSI; IGDS; BSMAS; CSBDS | Gambling | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Claesdotter-Knutsson [111] | 2022/2021 |
Sweden Developed High income 94.49 |
Online | No | General population | NR | 932/48.5 | PGSI; GAS-A | Gambling | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| iv. Smartphone addiction | |||||||||||
| Serra [125] | 2021/2020 |
Italy Developed High income 74.39 |
Online | No | Students | 4.84 | 184/71.7 | SAS-SF | Smartphone | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Indrakusuma [126] | 2021/2020 |
Indonesia Developing Lower intermediate income 47.69 |
Online | No | University students | NR | 364/79.4 | SAS-SF | Smartphone | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Zhang [127] | 2021/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | University students | 26.01 | 1016/65.16 | SAS-SF | Smartphone | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Hu [128] | 2021/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | Students | 16.53 | 2090/62.4 | MPAI | Smartphone | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Zhao [129] | 2022/2021 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | University students | 500/66.4 | SAS-SF | Smartphone | 6/low risk of bias | No | |
| Elhai [130] | 2020/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | Adults | 41.32 | 908/82.82 | SAS-SF | Smartphone | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Duan [131] | 2021/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | Students | NR | 3615/50.2 | SAS-SF | Smartphone | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Saadeh [132] | 2021/2020 |
Jordan Developing Upper intermediate income 66.79 |
Online | No | University students | 19.79 | 6157/71.3 | SAS-SF | Smartphone | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Hosen [133] | 2021/2020 |
Bangladesh Developing Lower intermediate income 18.02 |
Online | No | Students | NR | 601/42.8 | SAS-SF | Smartphone | 5/high risk of bias | No |
| Sfeir [134] | 2021/2020 |
Lebanon Developing Upper intermediate income 78.18 |
Online | Yes | Adults | 22.25 | 461/70.9 | SAS-SF | Smartphone | 7/low risk of bias | No |
| Perez-Siguas [135] | 2020/2020 |
Peru Developing Upper intermediate income 59.95 |
Online | No | Students | NR | 163/71.17 | MPPUS | Smartphone | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Forster [109] | 2021/2020 |
US Developed High income 88.5 |
No | University students | NR | 1027/78.32 | IAT; SAS-SF | Smartphone | 6/low risk of bias | No | |
| Duan [97] | 2020/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | Students | NR | 3183/49.85 | IAT; SAS-SF | Smartphone | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Chen [23] | 2021/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | Students | 11.29 | 504/50 | SABAS; BSMAS; IGDS | Smartphone | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| v. Social media addiction | |||||||||||
| Duran [136] | 2022/2021 |
Turkey Developed Upper intermediate income 73.98 |
Online | No | Adults | NR | 405 | BSMAS | Social media | 7/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Luo [137] | 2021/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | General population | 33.38 | 10,963/57.22 | BSMAS | Social media | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Lin [138] | 2020/2020 |
Iran Developing Lower intermediate income 70 |
Online | No | Students | 26.24 | 1078/58.3 | BSMAS | Social media | 5/high risk of bias | No |
| Volpe [93] | 2022/2022 |
Italy Developed High income 74.39 |
Online | Yes | Adults | 32.5 | 1385/62.5 | IAT; IGDS; BSMAS | Social media | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Panno [139•] | 2020/2020 |
Italy Developed High income 74.39 |
Online | Yes | General population | 28.49 | 1519/76 | BSMAS; YFAS | Social media | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| She [108] | 2022/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Questionnaire | No | Students | 13.6 | 3136/51.9 | PBS | Social media | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| Ballarotto [96] | 2021/2020 |
Italy Developed High income 74.39 |
Online | No | Adults | 22.96 | 400/70 | IAT; BSMAS | Social media | 5/high risk of bias | No |
|
Koós Wave 1 [110•] |
2022/2020 |
Hungary Developed High income 80.37 |
Online | Yes | General population | 41.96 | 1747/49.5 | PGSI; IGDS; BSMAS; CSBDS | Social media | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
|
Koós Wave 2 [110•] |
2022/2020 |
Hungary Developed High income 80.37 |
Online | Yes | General population | 41.96 | 656/49.5 | PGSI; IGDS; BSMAS; CSBDS | Social media | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
|
Koós Wave 3 [110•] |
2022/2020 |
Hungary Developed High income 80.37 |
Online | Yes | General population | 41.96 | 411/49.5 | PGSI; IGDS; BSMAS; CSBDS | Social media | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Chen [23] | 2021/2020 |
China Developing Upper intermediate income 54.3 |
Online | No | Students | 11.29 | 504/50 | SABAS; BSMAS; IGDS | Social media | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| vi. Food addiction | |||||||||||
| Borisenkov [140] | 2020/2020 |
Russia Developing Upper intermediate income 82.64 |
Online | No | University students | 21.8 | 949/78.3 | YFAS | Food | 6/low risk of bias | No |
| da Silva Júnior AE [141] | 2021/2021 |
Brazil Developed Upper intermediate income 70.43 |
Online | No | University students | 24.1 | 5368/74.3 | YFAS | Food | 7/low risk of bias | No |
| Schulte [142] | 2022/2021 |
USA Developed High income 88.5 |
Online | No | General population | 42.36 | 288/54.5 | YFAS | Food | 5/high risk of bias | Yes |
| Zielinska [143] | 2021/2021 |
Poland Developed High income 84.52 |
Online | No | General population | 33.18 | 1022/93.7 | YFAS | Food | 7/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Panno [139•] | 2020/2020 |
Italy Developed High income 74.39 |
Online | Yes | General population | 28.49 | 1519/76 | BSMAS; YFAS | Food | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| vii. Sex addiction | |||||||||||
| Caponnetto [144] | 2022/2021 |
Italy Developed High income 74.39 |
Online | Yes | General population | 23.1 | 1401/52 | SAST | Sex addiction | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Zamboni [9•] | 2021/2020 |
Italy Developed High income 74.39 |
Online | No | General population | 43.25 | 1196/64.6 | One item asking about of control of the behavior | Sex addiction | 1/high risk of bias | Yes |
|
Koós Wave 1 [110•] |
2022/2020 |
Hungary Developed High income 80.37 |
Online | Yes | General population | 41.96 | 1747/49.5 | PGSI; IGDS; BSMAS; CSBDS | Sex addiction | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
|
Koós Wave 2 [110•] |
2022/2020 |
Hungary Developed High income 80.37 |
Online | Yes | General population | 41.96 | 656/49.5 | PGSI; IGDS; BSMAS; CSBDS | Sex addiction | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
|
Koós Wave 3 [110•] |
2022/2020 |
Hungary Developed High income 80.37 |
Online | Yes | General population | 41.96 | 411/49.5 | PGSI; IGDS; BSMAS; CSBDS | Sex addiction | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| viii. Exercise addiction | |||||||||||
| Ceci [145] | 2022/2020 |
Italy Developed High income 74.39 |
Online | Yes | General population | 31.54 | 782/66 | EAI | Exercise | 6/low risk of bias | Yes |
| Cataldo [146] | 2022/2020 |
Multi country Developed High income |
Online | Yes | Adults | 37.75 | 729/72.3 | EAI | Exercise | 5/high risk of bias | No |
| de la Vega [147•] | 2020/2020 |
Multi country Developed High income |
Online | No | General population | 32.88 | 1079/48 | EAI | Exercise | 5/high risk of bias | Yes |
| Berengüí [148] | 2021/2020 |
Spain Developed High income 90.72 |
Questionnaire | Yes | General population | 35.1 | 1019/47.8 | EAI | Exercise | 4/high risk of bias | Yes |
| ix. Shopping addiction | |||||||||||
| Duong [105] | 2021/ |
Vietnam Developing Lower intermediate income 68.7 |
Online | No | University students | NR | 250/61.2 | OSAS | Shopping | 5/high risk of bias | No |
| Zamboni [9•] | 2021/2020 |
Italy Developed High income 74.39 |
Online | No | General population | 43.25 | 1196/64.6 | One item asking about of control of the behavior | Shopping | 1/high risk of bias | Yes |
BSMAS, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale; BPGS, Brief Problem Gambling Screen; CGAS-SF, Children’s Game Addiction Scale-Short Form; CIUS, Compulsive Internet Use Scale; CSBDS, Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Scale; EAI, Exercise Addiction Inventory; GAS, Game Addiction Scale; GAS-A, Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents; IAT, Internet Addiction Test; IGDS, Internet Gaming Disorder Scale; MPAI, Mobile Phone Addiction Index; MPPUS, Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale; OSAS, Online Shopping Addiction Scale; Parent–Child IAT, Parent–Child Internet Addiction Test; PG Adaptation of Yale-Brown OCS, Pathological Gambling Adaptation of Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale; PBS, Problem Behavior Scale; PGSI, Problem Gambling Severity Index; PRIUSS, Problematic Internet Use Scales; SAST, Sexual Addiction Screening Test; SAS-SF, Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version; SABAS, Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale; SOGS, South Oaks Gambling Screen; YFAS, Yale Food Addiction Scale; YDQ, Young’s Diagnostic Questionnaire; NOS, Newcastle Ottawa Scale