TABLE 1.

Main Characteristics of tRFs used as potential biomarkers of GC

tRF name/ID	Study	Region	Expression level	Test method	Sample type	Sample size	Biological effect	Ref
tRF‐3019a	Zhang 2020	China	Upregulated	qRT‐PCR	Tissue	112	Regulates tumour suppressor 26 gene FBXO47	23
tRF‐Glu‐TTC‐027	Xu 2021	China	Downregulated	qRT‐PCR	Tissue	33	Tumour suppressor	36
tRF‐33‐P4R8YP9LON4VDP	Shen 2021	China	Downregulated	qRT‐PCR	Blood	89	Tumour suppressor	11
tRF‐31‐U5YKFN8DYDZDD	Shen 2021	China	Upregulated	qRT‐PCR	Tissue Serum	111	Promotion of cell division and regulation of transcription	34
tRF‐19‐3L7L73JD	Shen 2021	China	Upregulated	qRT‐PCR	Plasma	129 a	Tumour suppressor	32
hsa_tsr016141	Gu 2021	China	Downregulated	qRT‐PCR	Tissues Serum	193 b	RNA silencing by binding to downstream mRNA	31
tRF‐5026a	Zhu 2021	China	Downregulated	qRT‐PCR	Tissue Plasma	86	Suppression of proliferation, migration by regulating the PTEN/PI3K/AKT	29
tRF‐38‐QB1MK8YUBS68BFD2 tRF‐18‐BS68BFD2 tRF‐25‐R9ODMJ6B26	Lin 2020	China	Upregulated	qRT‐PCR	Plasma (exosome)	50	Differential expression between patients and controls	35
tRF‐3017A	Tong 2021	China	Upregulated	qRT‐PCR	Tissue	87	Regulates the tumour suppressor gene NELL2 through forming the RISC with AGO	23
tRF‐24V29K9UV3IU	Dong 2020	China	Downregulated	qRT‐PCR	Tissue	38	Inhibiting cell proliferation, while promoting cell apoptosis by regulating the Wnt	33

^a Validation group contained 89 matched plasma samples from GC patients a day prior and 7 days post‐surgery. The test cohort had 40 plasma samples from GC patients.

^b The study involved 130 cases of GC and 63 post‐operative samples after the operation from GC patients.