Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study (Author, year) | Country | Study design | Number of patients with DM | Number of controls | Mean age | Proportion of male (%) | Type of DM | Type of vaccine | Anti-bodies outcome | Follow-up period | Dose | Number of days between doses | Cut-off for positive seroconversion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ali,H. et al, 2021 (43) | Kuwait | cohort | 81 | 181 | 49.3 | 51.9 | T2DM | BNT162b2 | IgG IgM Neutralizing antibodies |
minimum of 3 weeks | 2 | NA | > 31.5 binding antibody units (BAU)/ml |
| Alqassieh, R. et al, 2021 (28) | Jordan | prospective observational cohort | 76 | NA | NA | 65.6 | NA | BNT162b2 Sinopharm |
IgG IgM |
6 weeks | 2 | 21 days | index ≥ 1 (index is defined as a ratio between the relative fluorescence value (RFV) measured in the sample and the RFV obtained for the calibrator) |
| Güzel et al, 2021 (29) | Turkey | Prospective cohort | 80 | 103 | 37.2 | 46.4 | NA | CoronaVac-SinoVac | IgG | 21 days | 2 | 28 days | AU>1.1 (the ratio between the optical density of the sample and the optical density of the negative control expressed as arbitrary units (AU). |
| Guzmán-Martínez,O. et al, 2021 (30) | Mexico | Cohort | 14 | 101 | 55.9 | 34.8 | NA | BNT162b2 Ad5-nCoV |
Anti-S1 IgG | BNT162b2 : 3-4 weeks after the first dose 2-3 weeks after the second dose Ad5-nCoV: 5-6 weeks |
BNT162b2: 2 Ad5-nCoV: 1 |
NA | index ≥ 1.1 (index is calculated by dividing the value of the optical density (OD) of each serum by the value of the OD calibrator.) |
| Lustig et al, 2021 (37) | Israel | longitudinal cohort study | 139 | 2496 | 47.7 | 27.8 | NA | BNT162b2 | IgG IgA Neutralizing antibodies |
1-2 weeks after the first and second vaccine dose | 2 | 3 weeks | IgG > 0·62 sample-to-cutoff (s/co) ratio. IgA>1·1 s/co. level of neutralizing antibodies >10 were. |
| Nomura,Y. et al, 2021 (33) | Japan | single-centre prospective observational study | 12 | 353 | 44 | 32.5 | NA | BNT162b2 | Anti-spike antibody IgG | 3 months | 2 | 3 weeks | Not reported |
| Saure et al, 2021 (39) | Chile | surveillance study | 4626 | NA | NA | 41.1 | NA | CoronaVac BNT162b2 | IgG IgM |
16 weeks after the second dose | 2 | NA | visible bands on the IgG and test control positions |
| Singh A. K. et al, 2021 (34) | India | Cross-sectional | 57 | 495 | 44.85 | 59.2 | T2DM | ChAdOx1-nCOV BBV-152 |
Anti-spike antibody IgG | 6 months | 2 | NA | > 15.0 AU/mL |
| Van Praet et al,2021 (41) | Belgian | case control | 25 | 75 | 41.5 | 53 | NA | BNT162b2 | 50 AU/mL | ||||
| Watanabe et al, 2021 (42) | Italy | observational study | 2 | 66 | 29 | 39.5 | T2DM | BNT162b2 | anti-S1-RBD IgGs | 1–4 weeks after the second inoculation. | 2 | 3 weeks | Not reported |
| Karamese, M. et al, 2022 (31) | Turkey | cross sectional study | 49 | NA | 70.38 | 52.8 | NA | CoronaVac | Anti-SARS-CoV2-antibodies | 4 weeks | 2 | NA | >35.2 IU/ml (a ratio of the optical density (OD) of the samples over the OD of the calibrators) |
| Marfella, R. et al, 2022 (32) | Italy | prospective observational study | 201 | 277 | 57.3 | 55.6 | T2DM | BNT162b2 ChAdOx1-S mRNA-1273 |
IgG | 4 weeks | 2 | NA | ≥20% inhibited binding of the anti-IgG-horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-RBD to ACE2 receptors, compared to control. |
| Papadokostaki, E. et al, 2022 (38) | Greece | prospective observational study | 58 | 116 | 51.3(control) 52.6(DM) |
38.5 | T1DM, T2DM |
BNT162b2 | Neutralizing antibodies | 21 days 52 days |
2 | BNT162b2: 21days ChAdOx1-S: 28-52 days mRNA-1273 :28 days |
>50 AU/mL |
| Sourij, C. et al, 2022 (35) | Austria Germany |
prospective, multicenter cohort | 161 | 86 | 49.2 | 54.7 | T1DM, T2DM |
BNT162b2 ChAdOx1-S mRNA-1273 |
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD-IgG | 21 days after the first dose. 7–15 days after the second dose. 70–75 days after the second and before the third dose of the vaccine. |
3 | NA | >0.8 U/mL |
| Tawinprai et al, 2022 (40) | Thailand | prospective cohort study | 11 | NA | 40 | 34.9 | NA | ChAdOx1 | anti-RBD antibody | 7-14 days after the first and 14-21 days after the second vaccination | 2 | NA | >0.8 U/mL |
| Terpos, E. et al, 2022 (27) | Greece | prospective observational study | NA | NA | 48 | 32.9 | NA | BNT162b2 | neutralizing antibodies anti-S-RBD IgGs |
3 months | 2 | 21 | NA |
NA, not available.