Table 2.
Quality Assessment of Cohort Studies and Case Control Studies.
| Cohort studies | Representativeness of exposed cohort (1) | Selection of nonexposed cohort (1) | Ascertainment of exposure(1) | Absence of outcome at start of study (1) | Comparability of cohorts(2) | Outcome assessment (1) | Length of follow-up(1) | Adequacy of follow-up (1) | Risk of score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unosson, 2020 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Itoga, 2018 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Golledge, 2018 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Golledge,2017 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Fujimura, 2016 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Kristensen, 2015 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Sweeting, 2010 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Gokani, 2015 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Meij, 2013 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
| Karrowni, 2011 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Ferguson, 2010 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Mosorin, 2008 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Schouten, 2006 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Case-control studies | Case definition(1) | Representativeness of Cases(1) | Selection of controls(1) | Definition of controls(1) | Comparability of cases and controls(2) | Ascertainment of Exposure(1) | Consistent exposure Ascertainment(1) | Nonresponse rate(1) | Risk of score |
| Katrine, 2017 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Hackam, 2006 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Wemmelund, 2014 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 |
Score per the Cochrane risk of bias tool for Bicknell et al and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for the case-control and cohort studies. A Newcastle[1]Ottawa Scale score ≧8 indicates low risk of bias, 6-7 indicates moderate risk of bias, and ≦5 indicates high risk of bias.