Components and characteristics of HDES-in-water microemulsions and C. longa extracts (n = 3, mean ± SEM).

Microemulsion	Components (wt%)			Blank microemulsion			Microemulsion-based extracts			Type of microemulsion
	HDES	Smix	Water	Size (nm)	PDI	Zeta potential (mV)	Size (nm)	PDI	Zeta potential (mV)
HDES of octanoic acid : menthol (70 : 30, mass ratio)
ME-71	5	90	5	8.05 ± 0.87	0.49 ± 0.02	−45.3	8.48 ± 0.26	0.58 ± 0.02	−58.4	o/w
ME-72	15	80	5	8.71 ± 1.20	1.0 ± 0.0	−17.1	4.13 ± 0.30	0.75 ± 0.06	−63.3	o/w
ME-73	25	70	5	28.1 ± 5.5	1.0 ± 0.0	−54.4	12.2 ± 1.85	0.89 ± 0.05	−45.2	o/w
ME-74	35	60	5	6.58 ± 0.78	0.61 ± 0.04	−59.9	9.20 ± 0.18	0.83 ± 0.03	−50.4	o/w
ME-75	45	50	5	28.3 ± 1.3	0.88 ± 0.12	−21.8	11.3 ± 0.64	0.37 ± 0.10	−10.7	w/o
ME-76	55	40	5	6.25 ± 0.11	1.0 ± 0.0	−60.7	123 ± 13	0.61 ± 0.03	−72.6	w/o
ME-77	65	30	5	57.2 ± 6.4	0.99 ± 0.01	−27.3	128 ± 10	0.22 ± 0.06	−89.6	w/o
ME-78	75	20	5	60.6 ± 5.5	0.99 ± 0.01	−5.75	140 ± 4	0.58 ± 0.16	−39.0	w/o
HDES of octanoic acid : menthol (40 : 60, mass ratio)
ME-41	5	90	5	5.95 ± 0.50	0.54 ± 0.02	−65.2	9.48 ± 0.19	0.77 ± 0.02	−7.45	o/w
ME-42	15	80	5	7.21 ± 0.53	0.94 ± 0.06	−65.9	14.4 ± 1.32	0.96 ± 0.04	−34.7	o/w
ME-43	25	70	5	23.1 ± 1.4	0.98 ± 0.00	−42.8	55.5 ± 4.14	0.69 ± 0.07	−3.09	o/w
ME-44	35	60	5	15.1 ± 2.4	1.0 ± 0.0	−6.40	265 ± 30	0.46 ± 0.15	−11.3	o/w
ME-45	45	50	5	25.2 ± 2.0	1.0 ± 0.0	−22.1	34.4 ± 3.2	0.94 ± 0.04	−39.3	w/o
ME-46	55	40	5	20.8 ± 1.7	0.91 ± 0.08	−48.0	227 ± 8	0.89 ± 0.07	−97.4	w/o
ME-47	65	30	5	41.1 ± 3.6	1.0 ± 0.0	−76.9	16.9 ± 0.9	0.26 ± 0.07	−21.8	w/o
HDES of octanoic acid : menthol (20 : 80, mass ratio)
ME-21	5	90	5	7.13 ± 1.22	0.64 ± 0.02	−45.1	10.3 ± 0.4	0.79 ± 0.11	−4.40	o/w
ME-22	15	80	5	7.45 ± 0.30	0.60 ± 0.04	−42.0	10.2 ± 0.1	0.87 ± 0.07	−45.5	o/w
ME-23	25	70	5	15.9 ± 1.9	0.73 ± 0.06	−15.0	99.1 ± 2.3	0.89 ± 0.04	−38.0	o/w
ME-24	35	60	5	38.1 ± 5.5	0.44 ± 0.07	−2.40	34.0 ± 1.8	0.76 ± 0.08	−27.5	o/w
ME-25	45	50	5	11.1 ± 1.0	0.82 ± 0.06	−33.6	248 ± 7	0.94 ± 0.04	−18.8	o/w