Table 4.

Skull-stripping accuracy across datasets, as measured by the mean Dice overlap (± SD) between computed and ground-truth binary brain masks. p-values comparing baseline with SythStrip results are presented below each score. Across each dataset, SynthStrip significantly outperforms most baselines except those with p-values in bold, for which p > 0.05.

Dice (%)
	SynthStrip	ROBEX	BET	3DSS	BEaST	FSW	DMBE
IXI T1w	97.0 ± 0.5	96.2 ± 0.8	96.1 ± 3.1	95.4 ± 1.4	93.4 ± 0.8	92.6 ± 4.4	93.7 ± 3.0
		4.5 × 10−8	5.1 × 10−2	1.3 × 10−9	1.1 × 10−32	5.8 × 10−9	8.0 × 10−10
FSM T1w	97.8 ± 0.3	95.9 ± 0.7	65.8 ± 11.2	92.0 ± 3.0	92.1 ± 0.7	93.8 ± 3.7	89.5 ± 3.3
		3.3 × 10−18	1.7 × 10−19	1.4 × 10−13	1.9 × 10−35	2.2 × 10−7	5.6 × 10−18
ASL T1w	97.3 ± 0.5	96.8 ± 1.1	94.9 ± 1.1	90.8 ± 3.5	89.0 ± 5.5	95.5 ± 0.9	92.7 ± 1.7
		3.0 × 10−3	5.7 × 10−17	1.5 × 10−15	7.7 × 10−13	1.1 × 10−11	1.1 × 10−19
QIN T1w	96.3 ± 0.8	92.8 ± 4.6	93.8 ± 2.7	92.4 ± 3.1	85.2 ± 17.1	79.9 ± 13.3	89.0 ± 7.3
		3.7 × 10−7	5.2 × 10−11	2.3 × 10−15	1.5 × 10−5	5.2 × 10−12	7.4 × 10−10
IXI T2w	96.4 ± 0.7	91.3 ± 2.7	91.0 ± 6.2	94.9 ± 1.7	63.0 ± 12.4	-	6.7 ± 8.0
		2.9 × 10−19	2.0 × 10−7	1.4 × 10−9	7.8 × 10−24	-	1.1 × 10−52
FSM T2w	97.7 ± 0.3	93.2 ± 1.7	95.7 ± 1.6	94.9 ± 2.0	69.8 ± 15.0	-	3.4 ± 7.2
		4.9 × 10−18	9.8 × 10−9	4.1 × 10−10	7.3 × 10−13	-	1.1 × 10−40
QIN T2w	95.2 ± 1.1	87.3 ± 5.3	89.6 ± 4.0	71.4 ± 21.2	57.7 ± 19.1	-	61.5 ± 16.5
		1.1 × 10−10	1.7 × 10−9	6.3 × 10−7	9.1 × 10−14	-	2.9 × 10−15
QIN FLAIR	96.4 ± 0.5	93.7 ± 1.3	95.9 ± 0.9	93.8 ± 1.1	90.3 ± 4.7	83.4 ± 6.2	87.9 ± 3.0
		5.7 × 10−7	1.3 × 10−2	4.2 × 10−9	8.7 × 10−5	2.6 × 10−7	1.5 × 10−9
IXI PDw	96.4 ± 1.0	94.6 ± 1.3	95.5 ± 1.4	95.1 ± 1.6	78.3 ± 15.8	81.3 ± 10.9	90.0 ± 3.8
		5.3 × 10−17	1.9 × 10−7	1.4 × 10−8	1.8 × 10−10	2.5 × 10−12	3.8 × 10−16
FSM PDw	97.2 ± 0.5	95.8 ± 1.0	95.7 ± 6.5	95.5 ± 1.4	88.8 ± 8.4	67.4 ± 9.8	79.1 ± 4.4
		1.1 × 10−6	2.3 × 10−1	4.7 × 10−8	5.1 × 10−6	4.9 × 10−17	3.4 × 10−21
IXI MRA	97.7 ± 0.5	82.0 ± 4.3	62.3 ± 14.9	95.1 ± 1.0	91.5 ± 5.3	-	18.1 ± 19.5
		4.5 × 10−30	1.3 × 10−21	3.0 × 10−24	6.7 × 10−10	-	4.7 × 10−32
FSM qT1	97.7 ± 0.3	63.1 ± 19.6	47.2 ± 13.5	44.6 ± 3.8	36.3 ± 15.6	49.5 ± 10.7	3.1 ± 7.1
		1.1 × 10−10	8.8 × 10−20	4.9 × 10−36	9.4 × 10−20	1.7 × 10−21	1.6 × 10−36
ASL EPI	95.2 ± 1.4	88.3 ± 4.6	94.2 ± 1.8	95.2 ± 1.4	67.4 ± 19.6	69.4 ± 11.9	92.8 ± 1.5
		3.6 × 10−11	5.2 × 10−4	5.8 × 10−1	2.0 × 10−11	8.9 × 10−17	2.1 × 10−15
Infant T1w	96.1 ± 1.4	87.4 ± 15.4	66.8 ± 20.3	71.6 ± 17.7	63.2 ± 38.4	61.3 ± 31.3	84.4 ± 7.3
		3.5 × 10−2	3.0 × 10−5	4.4 × 10−5	3.9 × 10−3	7.9 × 10−4	4.9 × 10−6
IXI DWI	95.5 ± 1.3	85.3 ± 5.7	93.4 ± 2.1	90.4 ± 2.3	79.5 ± 11.4	75.1 ± 8.8	80.5 ± 3.1
		2.4 × 10−10	1.2 × 10−11	1.6 × 10−17	6.8 × 10−9	1.5 × 10−13	1.4 × 10−27
CIM PET	95.4 ± 1.1	89.5 ± 4.8	78.3 ± 8.3	93.7 ± 6.1	4.6 ± 8.8	51.6 ± 10.1	42.3 ± 14.3
		1.8 × 10−5	2.9 × 10−8	2.1 × 10−1	1.4 × 10−18	4.1 × 10−13	1.6 × 10−12
CIM CT	94.3 ± 0.9	73.7 ± 2.0	45.4 ± 4.0	60.4 ± 2.9	2.3 ± 3.3	48.8 ± 5.1	58.2 ± 6.5
		3.8 × 10−23	4.8 × 10−22	4.0 × 10−22	3.5 × 10−26	1.4 × 10−16	2.1 × 10−15