Table 3.
Methodological quality assessment of included studies
| Question number | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Q10 | Q11 | Q12 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qualitative studies | ||||||||||||
| Muwanguzi et al. [50] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Rujumba et al. [48] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Matovu et al. [49] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Conserve et al. [46] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Choko et al. [44] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Martinez Perez et al. [52] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Makusha et al. [51] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Quantitative studies | ||||||||||||
| Sithole et al. [54] | Y | Y | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Korte et al. [47] | Y | Y | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Choko et al. [45] | Y | Y | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Y | Y | Y | C | Y |
| Masters et al. [55] | Y | Y | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Question number | Q1 | Q2 | Q13 | Q14 | Q15 | Q16 | Q17 | Q18 | Q19 | Q20 | Q21 | Q22 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shapiro et al. [53] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Thirumurthy et al. [56] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Choko et al. [26] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Mixed methods studies | ||||||||||||
| Chipungu et al. [43] | Y | Y | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Screening questions (for all types): Q1: Are there clear research questions?; Q2: Do the collected data allow to address the research questions?
Qualitative: Q3: Is the qualitative approach appropriate to answer the research question?; Q4: Are the qualitative data collection methods adequate to address the research question?; Q5: Are the findings adequately derived from the data?; Q6: Is the interpretation of results sufficiently substantiated by data?; Q7: Is there coherence between qualitative data sources, collection, analysis and interpretation?
Quantitative randomized controlled trials: Q8: Is randomization appropriately performed?; Q9: Are the groups comparable at baseline?; Q10: Are there complete outcome data?; Q11: Are outcome assessors blinded to the intervention provided?; Q12: Did the participants adhere to the assigned intervention?
Quantitative: Q13: Is the sampling strategy relevant to address the research question?; Q14: Is the sample representative of the target population?; Q15: Are the measurements appropriate?; Q16: Is the risk of nonresponse bias low?; Q17: Is the statistical analysis appropriate to answer the research question?
Mixed methods: Q18: Is there an adequate rationale for using a mixed methods design to address the research question?; Q19: Are the different components of the study effectively integrated to answer the research question?; Q20: Are the outputs of the integration of qualitative and quantitative components adequately interpreted?; Q21: Are divergences and inconsistencies between quantitative and qualitative results adequately addressed?; Q22: Do the different components of the study adhere to the quality criteria of each tradition of the methods involved?
Y yes; N no; C can’t tell; N/A not applicable