Figure 1.

Estimates (and 95% confidence intervals) from multilevel models predicting suicidal thoughts, plan, and attempt from disordered gambling. Individual level effects are in the top panels, within-twin-pair effects (that include potentially causal effects) are in the middle panels, and between-twin-pair effects (that include genetic and shared environmental influences) are in the bottom panels; see Table 4 for a list of the covariates included in the base and adjusted models. Because there was a significant sex difference for the between-pair effects for suicidal thoughts, the effects are plotted separately for men and women. Not shown in the figure is the significant sex difference for the unadjusted within-twin-pair effect for suicide attempt (unadjusted: men odds ratio = 136.74, women odds ratio = 1.89; adjusted: men odds ratio = 23.13, women odds ratio = 1.38).

Note: The upper bounds for the four confidence intervals that exceeded the chart boundaries were: suicide plan between-pair base model: 13.47; suicide attempt within-pair base model: 22.78; suicide attempt within-pair adjusted model: 11.17; suicide attempt between-pair base model: 11.05.