. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 12.

Published in final edited form as: Clin Psychol Sci. 2022 Jan 10;10(5):901–919. doi: 10.1177/21677026211062599

Table 4.

Results of individual level (Panel A) and multilevel discordant twin (Panel B) analyses predicting suicidal thoughts, plan, and attempt from disordered gambling.

	Suicidal thoughts n = 2033 affected				Suicide plan n = 531 affected				Suicide attempt n = 317 affected
Predictor	Base model		Fully adjusted		Base model		Fully adjusted		Base model		Fully adjusted
Predictor	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
PANEL A						Individual Level Models
Sex	1.07	0.94, 1.21	1.11	0.96, 1.29	0.81	0.49, 1.32	0.75	0.40, 1.42	0.99	0.50, 1.96	1.64	0.67, 4.00
Age	1.00	0.99, 1.02	1.01	0.99, 1.03	0.98	0.90, 1.06	0.97	0.89, 1.07	0.94	0.85, 1.04	0.94	0.83, 1.07
Zygosity	0.87^*	0.77, 0.98	1.04	0.99, 1.08	0.84	0.47, 1.50	1.02	0.81, 1.30	0.91	0.41, 1.98	1.01	0.74, 1.38
Childhood SES	0.86^*	0.77, 0.97	0.93	0.83, 1.05	1.07	0.68, 1.68	1.51	0.91, 2.51	0.90	0.49, 1.66	0.94	0.49, 1.82
Adult income	0.88^***	0.86, 0.91	0.92^***	0.89, 0.95	0.76^***	0.69, 0.83	0.77^***	0.69, 0.86	0.74^***	0.66, 0.83	0.80^**	0.70, 0.92
Education	1.15^***	1.09, 1.20	1.19^***	1.13, 1.26	1.21	1.00, 1.47	1.24	0.99, 1.55	0.89	0.68, 1.15	0.93	0.69, 1.25
Disordered gambling	2.00^***	1.65, 2.41	1.37^**	1.12, 1.68	3.31^***	1.83, 5.99	2.35^*	1.15, 4.81	3.76^**	1.77, 8.02	1.98	0.81, 4.82
Major depression			5.90^***	5.03, 6.90			52.61^***	25.91, 106.83			50.23^***	19.25, 131.07
Alcohol use disorder			1.40^***	1.20, 1.62			2.01^*	1.14, 3.55			1.69	0.79, 3.63
Cannabis use disorder			1.97^***	1.63, 2.38			1.89	0.98, 3.63			4.31^***	1.86, 9.95
Nicotine dependence			1.19^*	1.02, 1.37			0.81	0.45, 1.47			1.20	0.55, 2.64
Conduct disorder			2.42^***	1.95, 3.03			5.60^***	2.67, 11.75			5.25^***	2.15, 12.81
PANEL B					MZ and DZ Multilevel Discordant Twin Models
	n = 1520 affected				n = 382 affected				n = 233 affected
Sex	1.28^*	1.06, 1.55	1.07	0.86, 1.34	1.49	0.70, 3.20	1.29	0.53, 3.14	1.79	0.62, 5.15	2.58	0.54, 3.12
Age	1.01	0.98, 1.03	1.01	0.99, 1.04	1.00	0.91, 1.09	1.00	0.90, 1.10	0.95	0.85, 1.07	0.96	0.86, 1.10
Zygosity	0.85	0.71, 1.01	0.85	0.71, 1.02	0.87	0.44, 1.37	0.86	0.41, 1.81	1.08	0.44, 2.65	1.14	0.41, 2.63
Childhood SES	0.92	0.78, 1.07	1.00	0.85, 1.17	1.05	0.64, 1.69	1.31	0.76, 2.26	1.19	0.59, 2.38	1.48	0.61, 2.30
Adult income	0.88^***	0.84, 0.91	0.91^***	0.88, 0.95	0.74^***	0.66, 0.83	0.76^***	0.67, 0.86	0.74^***	0.65, 0.85	0.81^*	0.69, 0.96
Education	1.14^***	1.06, 1.22	1.18^***	1.09, 1.27	1.29^*	1.02, 1.63	1.31^*	1.02, 1.69	0.88	0.65, 1.20	0.93	0.64, 1.17
WP disordered gambling	1.70^**	1.15, 2.52	1.52^*	0.99, 2.32	1.48	0.55, 4.02	1.07	0.37, 3.11	5.63^*	1.39, 22.78	2.70	0.65, 11.17
WP x sex interaction	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	0.04^*	0.01, 0.87	0.25	0.01, 5.10
BP disordered gambling	2.89^***	1.98, 4.22	---	---	3.76^*	1.05, 13.47	1.99	0.46, 8.65	1.78	0.29, 11.05	0.88	0.12, 6.67
BP x sex interaction	---	---	2.78^**	1.28, 6.01	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Major depression			5.85^***	4.77, 7.18			22.99^***	11.59, 55.60			20.88^***	8.00, 54.46
Alcohol use disorder			1.60^***	1.30, 1.96			1.65	0.87. 3.13			2.10	0.89, 4.91
Cannabis use disorder			1.94^***	1.49, 2.52			1.32	0.61, 2.82			4.59^**	1.74, 12.14
Nicotine dependence			1.13	0.92, 1.39			1.17	0.61, 2.25			1.29	0.54, 3.09
Conduct disorder			2.26^***	1.65, 3.09			3.23^**	1.33, 7.80			3.09^*	1.03, 9.26

Note: N=7,856 individual twins (individual level models) or N=6,016 individual twins (multilevel discordant twin models) in each set of analyses, OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, WP = within-pair, BP = between-pair

^{* =}

p < .05

^{** =}

p < .01

^{*** =}

p < .001