Fig 1. Examples of hateful and non-hateful memes.

In meme A (non-hateful), the image of a nailed tire and the sentence “You have a spare tire today, don’t you?” are both neutral, as well as the combined version; in meme B (hateful), the same caption is inscribed as meme A, but the image part is changed from a nailed tire to the "girl holding flowers", has a reversed implication from neutrality to insulting as hateful. Besides, in meme B (hateful), neither the image part nor the caption expresses hatred alone, yet when combined, this meme expresses hatred. (Copyrighted by author F. Pan).