Table 5. Patient flow measures and the citation number of included studies.

Type of Measures	Detail	Citation Number
Outcome Measure
Individual outcome
	LOS	[9, 22–25, 29, 32, 33, 36, 38, 39, 41, 43, 45, 51–55, 57–62]
	Waiting time	[20–23, 31, 35, 42, 43, 46, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59]
	Treatment time	[22, 23, 44, 58–60]
	TAT	[21, 22, 38, 41, 48, 51]
	LWBS	[33, 54, 56, 61]
	Patient satisfaction	[35, 58, 62]
	Boarding Time	[22, 43, 52]
	Readmission rate	[37]
	Mortality	[32]
Organisational outcome
	Hospital costs	[33, 41, 47, 53]
	Film saving	[41]
	Staff satisfaction	[49]
	Staff stress level	[35]
Process Outcome
	Number of treatment or Medical staff productivity	[31, 41, 55],
	Number of early discharges	[37, 49]
	Guideline Adherence	[60]
	Number of shifts per staff	[56]
	Number of prescriptions	[49]
Structure outcome
	Room utilisation or occupation rate	[27]
	Number of diversions	[33]
	Average number or % of Access block	[27]
	EMS site avoidances	[38]
	ED patients with > = 12 LOS	[33]
	% of AV offload waiting time > 30m	[56]