Table 2.
Summary of targets and functions of circRNAs and lncRNAs involved in pulmonary fibrosis
| circRNA | Expression | Target | Function | Biospecimen | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| circ_406961 | Downregulated | ILF2 | Inhibitory effects on inflammation | PM2.5 treated BEAS-2B cells | [71] |
| circZC3H4 | Upregulated | ZC3H4 protein via miR-212 | Macrophage activation, fibroblasts proliferation and migration | Alveolar macrophage of silicosis patients | [60] |
| circHECTD1 | Downregulated | ZC3H12A |
M1/M2 polarization, inflammation initiation |
Alveolar macrophage of silicosis patients | [61] |
| circHIPK2 | Upregulated | miR-506-3p |
induce sigma-1 receptor-associated endoplasmic reticulum stress |
Lung fibroblast | [63] |
| circ-012091 | Downregulated | PPP1R13B |
Proliferation and migration of via ERS and autophagy pathway |
Lung fibroblast | [64], [65] |
| LncRNA | |||||
| MEG3 | Upregulated | TAT3, TP63, KRT14, YAP1 | Enhances cell migration, tissue remodeling | IPF lung tissue | [72] |
| MALAT1 | Downregulated | Hexokinases | Aberrant macrophage activation | IL-4 treated macrophage | [73] |
| NEAT1 | Upregulated | Rbm7, BRCA1 | Triggering of apoptosis | Rbm7-deficient mouse, bleomycin‐induced fibrosis mouse, nonhematopoietic (CD45‐) cells and RBM7−/− HEK293 cells | [74] |
| ITPF | Upregulated | ITGBL1 | Act via TGF-β‐Smad2/3‐hnRNP L signaling pathway | BLM-mouse, TGF-β‐treated fibroblast MRC‐5 and blood samples from IPF patients | [75] |
| lncTERRA | Upregulated | Genes & component associated with telomeres and mitochondria | Regulates telomeric and mitochondrial functions | Blood from IPF patients, BLM-mouse, A549, MLE-12 | [76] |
| lncR-PCF | Upregulated | mir-344a-5p | Promotes pulmonary fibrogenesis | IPF lungs, BLM-mouse, RLE-6TN cells | [77] |
| SIRT-AS | Upregulated | miR-34a | SIRT1-AS overexpression inhibited TGF-β-mediated EMT | BLM-mouse lung | [78] |
| ZEB1-AS1 | Upregulated | miR-141–3p, collagen 1, fibronectin 1, α-SMA, E-cadherin, TGF-β1 | ZEB1-AS1 through ZEB1-mediated EMT via binding miR-141–3p could promote pulmonary fibrosis. | BLM-mouse AEC type 2 | [79] |
| HOTAIRM1 | Downregulated | IL-17 signaling pathway | Regulates viral transcription and inflammatory development | Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of COVID-19 patients | [80] |
| DANCR | Downregulated | REL, RELA, and NFkB1 and to AChE and IL-1b | Promoted infection | Inflammatory prone lung tissue | [81] |
| MALAT1, NEAT1 | Upregulated | CAPN1 | Inflammatory response | BALF, NHBE Cells | [82–85] |