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Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signaling effects the intestinal barrier function in a number of ways including via enhanced cellular renewal by prevention of apoptosis (A); tight junction function (B); secretion of mucous, trefoil factor proteins (TFF), and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (C); and modulation of intraepithelial lymphocyte and neutrophil function (D). A “+” indicates an upregulation effect, while a “–” indicates a downregulation effect.
