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Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) effects intestinal fibrosis in a number of ways including epithelial to mesenchymal transition (A); TGFβ1, which has numerous and complicated interactions that can be either upregulated or inhibitory (B); AXL (C); and transglutaminase 2 (TG2) (D). A “+” indicates an upregulation effect, while a “–” indicates a downregulation effect.
