Table 3.

Comparison of PPQ scores between the two groups ($\overline{x}\pm s$, points).

Group	n	Self-efficacy	Optimistic	Hope	Toughness	PPQ total score
Stoma group	80	30.76 ± 5.94	30.78 ± 5.84	27.58 ± 5.20	31.01 ± 4.98	120.13 ± 11.64
Control group	80	34.66 ± 5.50	33.75 ± 4.92	33.04 ± 6.16	34.58 ± 6.03	136.03 ± 14.58
t		−4.309	−3.479	−6.058	−4.083	−7.623
P		0.000	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.000