Table 2.

Effective treatment about lipid metabolism-related enzymes and regulatory factor targets in EC.

Compounds	Function	Reference	Clinical trials/inhibitors
ACSS2	Acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) converts acetate to acetyl-CoA to participate in lipid metabolism and promote whole-body fat storage and utilization.	[71]	Amide-substituted condensed pyridine derivatives [72] tetrazoles [73]
ACC	Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACC) are rate-limiting enzymes in de novo fatty acid synthesis, catalyzing acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA.	[74]	Soraphen A piperidinyl derived analogs spiropiperidine derived compounds TOFA ND-630-related compounds Aryl ether derived analogs [68] Haloxyfop sethoxydim Andrimid moiramide B ESP-55016 S-2E CP-640186 [69]
SCDs	Atearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), the enzyme that converts saturated fatty acids to ∆9-monounsaturated fatty acids.	[51]	A939572 MF-438 CVT-11127 CVT-12012 CAY10566 CAY10566 T-3764518 BZ36 SSI-4 SW208108 SW203668 [51]
CPT1	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPTI) as the key rate-limiting enzyme of FAO facilitates tumor development.	[75]	Etomoxir ST1326 [75]
HMGCR	The third step in the mevalonate pathway, catalyzed by HMGCR, that has been involved in the tumorigenesis of ESCC.	[35, 76]	Statins [77]
FABP1	Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are intracellular proteins that ingest exogenous long-chain fatty acids (FA) into cells, thereby promoting tumor growth and utilization.	[48, 78]	Niacin derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, aryl-quinoline derivatives, bicyclicpyridine derivatives, urea derivatives, 1 2,5-dimethyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-±]pyrimidin-7 (4H)-ones N-(thiophen-2-y)acetamides [79]
CD36	CD36 is a key carrier mediating exogenous uptake of fatty acids and a regulator of ESCC energy sources.	[31, 54]	ABT-510 CVX-O45 ABT-526 ABT-898 CVX-022 3TSR TAX2 ELK-SAHPs [54]
LDL	Low-density lipoprotein is a convenient biomarker and is strongly associated with poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.	[70]	Anti-PCSK9 antibodies (evolocumab and alirocumab) [80]