Table 1.

Role of lncRNAs in atherosclerosis.

LncRNA	Pathophysiological Effects	Indirect targets & Signaling pathway	Ref.
ANRIL	Slows cell cycle gene expression		[[25], [26], [27], [28], [29]]
MALAT1	Migratory behavior, increases AKT pathway behavior in endothelial cells	CXCR2 and AKT, AKT pathway	[[30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35]]
LOC100129973	Suppress apoptosis of endothelial cells	API5 and BCL2L12	[36]
MEG3	Suppresses migration, proliferation and tube formation of endothelial cells	RhoB and PTEN	[37,38]
LEENE	Regulates eNOS expression and EC function		[39]
LISPR1	Angiogenesis, vascular stability and permeability	S1P signaling pathway	[40]
SMILR	VSMC proliferation	HAS2	[41]
LincRNA-p21	Reduces cell proliferation and increases apoptosis	p53 feed forward loop	[42]
SENCR	Promotes migration, proliferation and tube formation of endothelial cells	CCL5, CEACAM1, and CX3CL1 (migratory and angiogenic genes)	[43,44]
MYOSLID	Activates VSMC contractile phenotype	TGFβ/SMAD, MYOCD/SRF pathways	[45]
H19	Reduces autophagy, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species in endothelial cells	MAPK and NF-kβ pathways	[[46], [47], [48]]