Specific genera of gut microbiota modulated by piperine intervention in high-fat diet-fed mice. (A) The proportion of gut microbial communities at the genus level. The relative abundance of (B) Akkermansia, (C) Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, (D) Blautia, (E) Ruminiclostridum_9, (F) Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002, (G) Faecalibaculum, (H) Dubosiella, (I) Intestinimonas, (J) Lactobacillus, (K) Bifidobacterium, (L) Ruminiclostridium, (M) Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, (N) Oscillibacter, and (O) Enterorhabdus. Mean ± SD (n = 6); #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ####p < 0.0001 Model versus Normal; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus Model. PIP 20 (piperine at 20 mg/kg). PIP 40 (piperine at 40 mg/kg).