Table 6.
Studies describing LPD learning curve
| Study | No. of patients | No. of surgeons | Previous experience of surgeons | Outcome measures | Statistical analysis | Learning curve |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Corcione et al. 2013 [28] | 22 | - | - | Operative time | Split group | 11 |
| Choi et al. 2020 [16] | 171 | 1 | - | Operative time, blood loss, length of stay, conversion rate, complications | CUSUM, RA-CUSUM, Student’s t tests ANOVA, chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test | 40 |
| Khatkov et al. 2013 [37] | 43 | Team | - | Operative time, intraopearative blood loss, length of post-operative morbidity | - | 25 |
| Kim et al. 2013 [39] | 100 | 1 | - | Operative time | Split group, Student’s t-test, chi-square test | 33 |
| Kim et al. 2017 [38] | 16 | 1 | - | Operative time | Student’s t-test, chi-square test | 6 |
| Kim et al. 2018 [17] | 90 | 1 | - | Operative time, blood loss, length of stay, surgical indication, complications | CUSUM, RA-CUSUM | 10 |
| Kim et al. 2020 [18] | 119 | 1 | 252 open pancreatoduodenectomy (OPD) over 9 years | Operative time, blood loss, length of stay, conversion ate, complications | CUSUM, RA-CUSUM, Student’s t tests ANOVA, chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test | 47 |
| Kuroki et al. 2014 [29] | 30 | 1 | Experience in open PD and LPD | Operative time, blood loss | - | 10 |
| Lu et al. 2016 [35] | 120 | 1 | Prior experience with OPD and laparoscopic procedure such as radical gastrectomy, distal or central pancreatectomy | Operative time | Split group, ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis test, Scheffe test | 30–60 |
| Nagakawa et al. 2018 [19] | 150 | 3 | Surgeon A: 18 years of surgical experience, > 500 laparoscopic procedures | Operative time | CUSUM, Mann–Whitney U test, Fisher’s exact test, multivariate analysis | 30 |
| Surgeon B: 17 years of surgical experience, > 500 laparoscopic procedures | ||||||
| Surgeon C: 19 years of surgical experience, > 900 laparoscopic procedures | ||||||
| Speicher et al. 2014 [30] | 56 | 5 | All procedures were performed by surgical teams consisting of a fellowship-trained minimally invasive surgeon and one of four surgical oncologists experienced in open pancreatic surgery | Operative time, blood loss | Split group, ANOVA, chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, Kruskal–Wallis test | 50 |
| Tyutyunnik et al. 2016 [20] | 100 | Team | - | Operative time | CUSUM | 48 |
| Wang et al. 2016 [21] | 63 | 1 | Experience of over 30 open pancreaticoduodenectomy procedures | Operative time | CUSUM, RA-CUSUM, ANOVA, chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, Kruskal–Wallis test, multivariate logistic regression | 40 |
| 300 laparoscopic splenectomy procedures | ||||||
| 4 laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy operations | ||||||
| 17 consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomy and splenectomy procedures | ||||||
| Yeo et al. 2017 [31] | 20 | 2 | Laparoscopically trained hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgeon | Operative time, blood loss | - | 4 |
Studies marked * are conference abstracts