Table 7.

Studies describing RPD learning curve

Study	No. of patients	No. of surgeons	Previous experience of surgeons	Outcome measures	Statistical analysis	Learning curve
Boone et al. 2015 [23]	200	4	-	Operative time	Analyses of variance, 2-tailed unpaired t test, Kruskal–Wallis, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Fisher exact test, CUSUM analysis	80
Chen et al. 2014 [36]	60	2	Board-certified attending general surgeons Experienced in both open and robotic surgery. In the pilot study before the present work, this surgical team had performed more than 50 robotic surgeries, including 12 PDs	Operative time, blood loss	Split group, Student’s t-test, chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, Mann–Whitney U test, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, Kaplan–Meier method, log-rank test	40
Napoli et al. 2016 [22]*	70	1	-	Operative time	CUSUM	33 for operative time, 40 for readmission rate
Shyr et al. 2018 [15]	61	2	No prior experience in robotic surgery, > 500 cases of open PD	Console time	2-tailed Student’s t-test, Pearson’s chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, CUSUM analysis	20
Zhang et al. 2018 [24]	100	1	Advanced open and laparoscopic skills in pancreatic surgery	Operative time, blood loss, length of hospital stay	CUSUM, Student’s t-test, Fisher’s exact test, chi-square test	40
Zwart et al. 2021 [25]	275	15	All surgeons had at least 5 years of experience with open pancreatic surgery. Some had experience with LPD	Operative time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, complication-related mortality	CUSUM, Pearson correlation	22

Studies marked * are conference abstracts