Fig. 5. G-Flamp1 reports cAMP activities during an auditory Pavlovian conditioning task in the mouse NAc through in vivo fiber photometry.

a Schematic for fiber photometry recording of G-Flamp1-expressing neurons from the NAc of a head-fixed mouse during an auditory Pavlovian conditioning task. b Schematic diagrams for the behavioral tasks. The mouse was trained to learn associations between three different auditory cues (conditioned stimulus, CS) and corresponding outcomes (unconditioned stimulus, US). c Exemplar trace of G-Flamp1 signal from a well-trained mouse encompassing nine sequential trials. The timings of cues (CS) and the lick responses (US) are indicated below. d Exemplar time-aligned lick responses in c. e Exemplar time-aligned G-Flamp1 signals in c. f Exemplar time-aligned pseudo-color images and averaged traces (mean shaded with ± standard deviation) from a mouse in naïve, trained and well-trained sessions. g, h Group analysis of the normalized peak Z scores of cAMP signals to CS and US in different sessions. Each trace (coded with specific gray value) represents data from one animal (n = 3 mice). Values with error bars indicate mean ± SEM. Two-tailed Post hoc Tukey’s tests were performed. Water trial CS responses: P = 0.00312 between naive and trained, P = 6.92772 × 10⁻⁵ between naive and well-trained, P = 0.00312 between trained and well-trained. Water trial US responses: P = 0.23198 between naïve and trained, P = 0.19808 between naive and well-trained, P = 0.02021 between trained and well-trained. i Exemplar recording of G-Flamp1 signals in NAc before and after injection (i.p.) of D1R antagonist SCH23390 or vehicle. j Quantification of G-Flamp1 signals before and after SCH23390 (n = 7 recordings from 3 mice, P = 0.0038) or vehicle (n = 6 recordings from 3 mice, P = 0.34) injection. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Two-tailed Student’s t-tests were performed in j. **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 and NS not significant. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.