Table 1.

Relations between technologies and challenges.

Technologies	Benefits to Social, Economic, or Operational Challenges	Specific Benefits to the Pandemic Period
Handling and transport equipment automation	Require less skilled manpower and save labor cost	Reduce personal contact and maintain continuous operations
Gate automation	Save manpower and improve operation efficiency
Port communication systems, being paperless	Improve communication and transmission efficiency
New terminal layout	Improve operation efficiency	No significant impact
Power revolution	Boost terminal electrification and improve environmental sustainability
Digital twin	Improve data transparency
Cyber security	Enhance terminal safety and operational resilience