Fig. 4.

Capsaicin reduces high glucose concentration induced endothelial cell dysfunction and oxidative stress in vitro. (A–G) Displayed is the expression of TRPV1, PPARγ, p-PPARγ, poldip2, Nox4, VCAM-1, HIF-1α and VEGF in cultured HRMECs by different treatments. (H–I) The levels of ROS in HRMECs by different treatments. (J–K) The levels of H₂O₂ in HRMECs by different treatments. One-way ANOVA, data represents mean ± SEM, n = 3–5/group. Compared with NG group: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; compared with HG group: ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01. NG: normal glucose group, HG: high glucose group, HG + CAP: high glucose with capsaicin treatment group.