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. 2022 Aug 8;4(10):100550. doi: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100550

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© 2022 The Author(s)

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 2 — Effect estimates for metabolites associated with high levels of PFOS and risk of HCC in 50 HCC cases and 50 controls from the MEC.

For PFOS exposure, effect estimates were calculated using linear regression adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and study site, and indicate the mean difference and 95% CI in the log₂-transformed metabolite intensity between high (≥85^th percentile) vs. low levels of PFOS exposure. Effect estimates for HCC were calculated using conditional logistic regression, and indicate the OR and 95% CI for the risk of HCC per doubling of pre-diagnostic metabolite levels. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; MEC, multiethnic cohort; OR, odds ratio; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid.