Table 1.
Potential pharmacological targets and drugs to modulate MDSCs to dampen inflammation.
| Target | Potential pharmacological drug | Effect of potential drug on MDSCs | Murine model(s) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β2-AR | β2-AR agonists (Terbutalin) | Increased number | GVHD | (52) |
| Calcineurin | Calcineurin inhibitors (Cyclosporin A, Tacrolimus) | Increased number Increased activity |
Skin allograft | (53, 54) |
| CXCR1,2 | CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCL17 agonists | Increased number Increased activity |
Pulmonary hypertension | (4, 36–40) |
| EP2/4 | PGE2 (EP2/4 agonists) | Increased number Increased activity |
Asthma | (31, 55–57) |
| ERK1/2 | Glucosamine | Increased number Increased activity |
– | (58) |
| ESR2 | Quercetin | Increased number Increased activity |
Prostate carcinoma | (59, 60) |
| ETAR | ETAR antagonists (BQ123) | Increased number | Autoimmune hepatitis Colitis Pneumonia |
(61, 62) |
| Glucocorticoid receptor | Glucocorticoids (Dexamethasone, Methylprednisolone) | Increased number | Cardiac/skin allograft Multiple sclerosis |
(63–65) |
| LILRB | Glatirameracetat | Increased number Increased activity |
Inflammatory bowel disease | (66, 67) |
| LRP2 | Lactoferrin | Increased number | Autoimmune hepatitis Lung inflammation Necrotizing enterocolitis |
(68) |
| mTOR | mTOR inhibitors (Rapamycin) | Increased number Increased activity |
Cardiac/corneal/skin allograft GVHD Heart failure Hepatic/renal injury Wound healing |
(40, 48, 69–77) |
| RIPK3 | RIPK3 inhibitors (GSK872) | Increased number | Autoimmune hepatitis Multiple sclerosis |
(78–80) |
| STAT1, STAT5 | Tofacitinib, IFN-γ | Increased number Increased activity |
Arthritis Interstitial lung disease |
(81, 82) |
| TLR2, TLR4 | TLR2 ligands, TLR4 ligands (CFA-M.tuberculosis, MV-P.pentosaceus) | Increased number Increased activity |
Fibrosis Peritonitis Type-1-diabetes |
(83–87) |
| Unclear | Cannabidiol | Increased number | Autoimmune hepatitis Multiple sclerosis |
(88, 89) |
| Unclear | Claritromycin | Increased number | Post-influenza pneumonia Sepsis |
(90) |
| Unclear | Taurodeoxycholate | Increased number Increased activity |
Sepsis | (91) |
β2-AR, β2-adrenergic receptor; CFA, Complete Freund’s adjuvant; CXCR, C-X-C chemokine receptor; EP, Prostaglandin E2 receptor; ERK, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; ESR, Estrogen signaling receptor; ETAR, Endothelin A receptor; GVHD, Graft-versus-host disease; LILRB, Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; LRP, Lactoferrin receptor; mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin; MV, Membrane vesicles; RIPK3, Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3; STAT, Signal transducer and activator of transcription; TLR, Toll-like receptor.