Table 1.
Characteristics of fMRI studies.
| Study | Imaging modality | Method | N (PD-ICDs/ PD-NO ICD) | Age (SD) | Gender (male%) | UPDRS-score | Disease duration (years) | Treatment |
General Cognitive Status |
ICD type | Group contrasts and Foci | Correction for multiple comparisons | Covariates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Structural MRI | |||||||||||||
| Cerasa et al. (2014) | Structural MRI | VBM | 12/12 | 58 ± 8.3 | 91.7% | UPDRSIII 26.4 (10.3) | NR | LEDD: 318.8 (150-800) mg | MMSE: 28.1 (1.5) | PG ICD diagnosed with G-SAS; BIS-11 |
PD-ICD < PD-NO ICD: 1 | P ≤ 0.05 (FWE) | NR |
| Biundo et al. (2015) | Structural MRI | brain cortical thickness | 58/52 | 60.3 (9.3) | 65.5% | UPDRSIII 26.7 (16.5) | 9.0 (5.5) | LEDD: 923.1 (474.1) mg; DA daily dosage:163.7 (111.3) mg |
MMSE: 26.4 (2.6) | ICD diagnosed with DSM IV; MIDI; QUIP-RS |
PD-ICD < PD-NO ICD: 14 | P ≤ 0.05 (FDR) | Disease duration and LEDD |
| Tessitore et al. (2016) | Structural MRI | brain cortical thickness | 15/15 | 62.87 (8.6) |
NR | UPDRSIII 10.9 (4.5) | 5.3 (2.9) | Total LEDD: 477.3 (222.9) mg; DA daily dosage: 243.3 (82.1) mg |
MMSE: 26.5 (2.2) | HS; CE; PG; P ICD diagnosed with MIDI |
PD-ICD < PD-NO ICD: 1; PD-ICD > PD-NO ICD: 5 | P ≤ 0.01 (FDR) | LEDD and neuropsychological data differing between patients subgroups |
| Markovic et al. (2017) | Structural MRI | brain cortical thickness | 22/30 | 63.1 (9.2) | 86% | UPDRSIII 43.1±13.7 | 9.1±5.4 | LEDD: 887.9±348.3 mg; DA daily dosage: 269.1 (141.2) mg |
NR | P ICD diagnosed with PRS |
PD-ICD < PD-NO ICD: 3; | P ≤ 0.05 (FDR) | age |
| DTI | |||||||||||||
| Yoo et al. (2015) | DTI | FA and MD | 10/9 | 54.5 (6.2) | 70% | UPDRSIII 14.6 (11.5) | 10.2 (7.3) | LEDD: 924.6 (362.1) mg; DA: 255.0 (177.6) | MMSE: 28.0 (1.3) | ICD diagnosed with DSM IV | PD-ICD > PD-NO ICD: 1 | P ≤ 0.05 | NR |
| fMRI | |||||||||||||
| Frosini et al. (2010) | Task fMRI | BOLD response | 7/7 | 57.5±11.1 | NR | UPDRSIII 15.5±1.3 | NR | LEDD: 462± 228.7 mg; DA: 408.3±156.3 mg |
MMSE: 29.6 | NR | PD-ICD > PD-NO ICD: 10 | P ≤ 0.01 (FDR) | NR |
| Rao et al. (2010) | Rs-fMRI and Task fMRI | rCBF | 9/9 | 56.2 (10.7) | 77.8% | NR | 7.2 (4.4) | LEDD: 418 (306) mg; DA: 278 (116) mg | MoCA: 27.1 (1.8) | pathological gambling, compul- sive sexual behavior and buying, binge-eating disorder, |
Task fMRI: PD-ICD < PD-NO ICD: 1 | P ≤ 0.05 (FDR) | NR |
| Voon et al. (2011) | Task fMRI | BOLD | 14/ 14 | 51.52 (8.33) |
71.4% | NR | NR | Total LEDD: 589.32 (301.25) mg; DA daily dosage: 161.53 (43.35) mg |
MMSE: 27.73 (3.12) | PG; CS ICD diagnosed with DSM IV. |
PD-ICD > PD-NO ICD: 3 | P ≤ 0.05 (FDR) | NR |
| Tessitore et al. (2017a) | Rs-fMRI | FC | 15/15 | 57 (9.7) | 33.3% | UPDRSIII 15.7 (6) | 1.4 (0.5) | LEDD: 202.7 (58.1) mg; DA daily dosage: 96 (65.5) mg |
MMSE: 28.8 (8.6); MoCA: 24.6 (4.1) | HS; CE; PG; CS ICD diagnosed with QUIP-RS |
PD-ICD < PD-NO ICD: 3; PD-ICD > PD-NO ICD: 1 | NR | NR |
| Tessitore et al. (2017b) | Rs-fMRI | FC | 15/15 | 62.87 (8.6) | 86.6% | UPDRSIII 10.9 (4.5) | 9.8 (5) | LEDD: 477.3 (222.9) mg; DA daily dosage: 243.3 (82.1) mg |
MMSE: 26.5 (2.2) | HS; CE; PG; P ICD diagnosed with MIDI |
PD-ICD < PD-NO ICD: 2; PD-ICD > PD-NO ICD: 4 | P ≤ 0.05 (FWE) | NR |
| Filip et al. (2018) | Task fMRI | BOLD | 8/13 | 65 (5.7) | 75% | NR | 9.75 (3.99) | LEDD: 1061.88 (270.7) mg |
NR | ICD diagnosed with BIS | PD-ICD < PD-NO ICD: 2 | P ≤ 0.05 (FWE) | NR |
| Imperiale et al. (2018) | Rs-fMRI | FC | 35/ 50 | 62 (10.4) | 85.7% | UPDRSIII 7.2 (15.5) | 9.5 (5.2) | LEDD: 966.3 (438.7) mg; DA daily dosage: 228.14 (163.99) mg |
MMSE: 28.3 (1.8); ACE-R: 90.0 (7.4) | HS; PG; CS; CE; P; DDS; ICD diagnosed with QUIP-RS |
PD-ICD < PD-NO ICD: 5 | P ≤ 0.05 (FWE) | age |
| Esteban-Peñalba et al. (2021) | Task fMRI | BOLD | 18/17 | 63.33 (8.24) | 88.90% | UPDRSIII 21.50 [10–46] |
7.13 (3.96) | LEDD:970 mg; DA: 194.83 (165.99) mg |
NR | ICD diagnosed with DSM IV | PD-ICD < PD-NO ICD: 2; PD-ICD > PD-NO ICD: 2 | P ≤ 0.05 (FWE) | NR |
| Gan et al. (2021) | Rs-fMRI | VMHC | 21/33 | 59.0±9.6 | 57.1% | UPDRSIII 20.3±14.2 | 9.0±5.2 | LEDD: 770.7±310.8mg; DA: 90.5±57.4 mg | MMSE: 28.3±1.1 | PG, HS, BE, and CS ICD diagnosed with DSM IV |
PD-ICD < PD-NO ICD: 1 | P < 0.01 | age, sex, degree of education |
| PET | |||||||||||||
| van Eimeren et al. (2010) | PET | rCBF | 7/7 | 60 (9.8) | 100% | UPDRS off: 28.3 (7.5); UPDRS on: 20.1 (3.7) |
7.3 (3) | Total LEDD: 771.7 (318.4) mg; DA daily dosage: 143.4 (105.2) mg |
MoCA: 27.1 (2.5) | PG ICD diagnosed with G-SAS |
PD-ICD < PD-NO ICD: 5 | NR | NR |
| Ray et al. (2012) | PET | rCBF | 7/7 | 59.71 (10.98) |
100% | UPDRSIII 21 (8.04) | NR | Total LEDD: 888.29 (479.96) mg |
NR | PG ICD diagnosed with G-SAS; BIS |
PD-ICD > PD-NO ICD: 1 | P ≤ 0.05 (FWE) | NR |
| Lee et al. (2014) | PET | rCBF | 11/11 | 56.6 (8.7) | 72.7% | UPDRSIII 14.2 (11) | 10.1 (6.9) | Total LEDD: 914.4 (338.7) mg; DA daily dosage: 217.9 (175.3) mg |
MMSE: 27.7 (1.6) | HS; PG; CE; CS; P; ICD diagnosed with DSM IVTR; MIDI |
PD-ICD < PD-NO ICD: 2; PD-ICD > PD-NO ICD: 4 | P < 0.005 | NR |
| Verger et al. (2018) | PET | rCBF | 18/18 | 60.4 (67.3) |
83.3% | UPDRS off: 31.9 (12.0); UPDRS on: 5.3 (4.1) |
10.96 (3.6) | LEDD: 1124.1 (320.5) mg; DA daily dosage: 157.3 (130.0) mg |
NR | PG; CS; HS ICD diagnosed with DSM IVTR; MIDI |
PD-ICD < PD-NO ICD: 2; PD-ICD > PD-NO ICD: 3 | P < 0.005 | NR |
| SPECT | |||||||||||||
| Cilia et al. (2008) | SPECT | rCBF | 11/40 | 57.4 (5.8) | 90.9% | UPDRSIII 18 (11) | 8.4 (3.4) | Total LEDD: 811.8 (229.0) mg; DA daily dosage: 289.1 (57.5) mg |
MMSE: 28.9 (0.8) | PG ICD diagnosed with DSM IVTR |
PD-ICD < PD-NO ICD: 7 | P ≤ 0.05 (FDR) | NR |
| Premi et al. (2016) | SPECT | rCBF | 21/63 | 65.8 (8.4) | 23.8% | UPDRSIII 16.5 (7.2) | 1.9 (2.2) | Total LEDD: 594.2 (388.6) mg; DA daily dosage: 282.1 (227.9) mg |
MMSE: 27.9 (1.9) | CE; PG; HS; P ICD diagnosed with QUIP-RS | PD-ICD < PD-NO ICD: 2 | P < 0.005 | age, gender, disease duration and clinical phenotype |
Abbreviations: BIS, Barratt Impulsivity Scale; BOLD, blood oxygen level dependent; CE, compulsive eating; CS, compulsive buying; DA, dopamine agonists; DTI, diffusion tensor image; DSM, diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; FA, fractional anisotropy; FC, functional connectivity; FDR, false discovery rate; FWE, family-wise error; G-SAS, Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale; HS, hypersexuality; ICD, impulse control disorder; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; MD, mean diffusivity; MIDI, Minnesota Impulsive Disorders Interview; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N, sample size; P, punding; PD, Parkinson's disease; PET, positron emission tomography; PG, pathological gambling; PRS, Punding Rating Scale; QUIP-RS, questionnaire for impulsive-compulsive disorders in Parkinson's disease rating scale; rCBF, regional cerebral blood flow; Rs-fMRI, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging; SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; VBM, voxel-based morphometry.