Table 2.

Overview of the Activities of IL-4, IL-13, IL-31 and IL-33

Interleukins	Activities
	Anti-Inflammatory	Pro-Inflammatory	Growth Factor Release	Pro-Fibrotic	Up-Regulating	Down-Regulating
IL-4	√	√	PDGF	√	p53, p21, JAK/STAT6, bax, caspase-3, −8, 9
IL-13	√			√	Amphiregulin
IL-31	√	√	EGF, VEGF	√	Matrix metalloproteinases 1, 3, 7, 25, IL-6, IL-16, IL-32
IL-33	√	√				bcl-2, iNOS

Note: ^{12,13,23,31,38–43,48,50–53,83,84,87,89,170}.

Abbreviations: IL-, interleukin; JAK/STAT, Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription; EGF, epidermal growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; iNOS, the inducible nitric oxide synthase.