Table 3.

Summary of Key Findings for IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, and IL-33

IL-4	IL-13	IL-31	IL-33
Promotes fibrosis Plays a role in fibrotic cardiac myopathy Plays a role in hypertensive cardiomyopathy Promotes atherosclerosis Promotes pulmonary hypertension Beneficial role in cardiac remodeling post-infarct Attenuates manifestations in AS Possible role in aggravating lupus nephritis Attenuates inflammation in RA Anti-tumor effects in melanoma Promotes pruritus- Promotes atopic dermatitis Key cytokine in systemic sclerosis Protective role in neuroinflammation Promotes cognition May play a role in Parkinson’s disease Neuroprotective role in infections Increases production of microglia	Promotes fibrosis Promotes cardiac remodeling Inhibits atherosclerosis May be a possible prognostic marker in myocardial infarction Promotes pulmonary hypertension Regulates inflammation in myocarditis Contributes to inflammation in SLE Possible diagnostic indicator in RA Diverse pro-tumor effects Promotes atopic dermatitis Key cytokine in systemic sclerosis Promotes cognition May play a role in Parkinson’s disease Protective role in neuroinfections Increases production of microglia	Promotes dilated cardiomyopathy (rs4758680 allele) Role in cardiac hypertrophy Key role in Kawasaki disease Upregulates matrix metalloproteinases Stimulates fibroblasts in SSc Promotes angiogenesis Promotes pruritus Promotes atopic dermatitis	Alarm factor as a response to stress Cardioprotective role Beneficial role in pressure-overload cardiac remodeling Inhibits atherosclerosis Beneficial role in cardiac remodeling post-infarct Inhibitory role in atopic dermatitis Possible marker in SSc Aggravates inflammation in RA; may predict response to certain treatments Promotes cognition Promotes motor neuron integrity in ALS Promotes neuroinflammation Modulates CNS myelination Reduces CNS Ischaemic damage Role in seizure recovery Promotes neuropathic pain Role in normal neural development