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. 2022 Aug 30;13:929245. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.929245

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Copyright © 2022 Ciacka, Tyminski, Wal, Gniazdowska and Krasuska.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The diagram describes the basic features of the biological material and the scheme of the experiment. Apple seeds were subjected to accelerated aging for 7, 14, or 21 days (A). After seed aging embryos were isolated (B). The typical embryos isolated from aged seeds [control (C)] and the typical NO-treated embryos after 48 h of culture are shown panel (D). Progression of seed aging was linked to the gradual decrease in germination rate of the embryos after 7 and 14 days, and a drop-down in the germination of the embryos as the aging lasted for 21 days (E). NO acted as a remedy against aging by the increase in germination rate of the embryos isolated from aged seeds [metabolism restoration (F)]. Metabolism restoration (%) was calculated based on the germination rate of the embryos after NO fumigation according to data presented by Ciacka et al. (2022). Embryos isolated from aged seeds and after NO treatment were viable (as indicated by the TTC test) as described by Ciacka et al. (2022).