Table 1.

The impact of selected baseline clinical and laboratory parameters on early neurological deterioration

Characteristic	Without early neurological deterioration (n = 51)	With early neurological deterioration (n = 10)	P value
Gender, male, n (%)	29 (56.8%)	3 (30.0%)	0.170
Age at onset, mean ± SD (years)	28.1 ± 10.9	30.5 ± 11.6	0.575
Age at diagnosis, mean ± SD (years)	31.2 ± 11.1	36.2 ± 14.3	0.267
Neurological form of WD (n = 36)	26 (50.9%)	10 (100%)**	0.003
Hepatic form of WD (n = 18)	18 (35.2%)	0 (0%)**	0.026
Pre-symptomatic form of WD (n = 7)	7 (13.7%)	0 (0%)	0.587
Diagnostic delay*, mean ± SD (years)	2.4 ± 3.6	5.7 ± 9.2	0.088
d-penicillamine, n (%)	22 (43.2%)	6 (60%)	0.327
Zinc sulphate, n (%)	29 (56.8%)	4 (40%)	0.327
UWDRS part II score, mean (range)	2.0 (0–38)	4.3 (0–16)**	0.033
UWDRS part III score, mean (range)	9.3 (0–96)	21.5 (2–41)**	0.002
MRI acute toxicity score, mean (range)	1.5 (0–9)	3.3 (0–11)	0.071
MRI chronic damage score, mean (range)	1.4 (0–10)	3.2 (0–5)**	0.006
MRI total score, mean (range)	3.0 (0–12)	6.5 (0–13)**	0.020
Serum ceruloplasmin concentration, mean ± SD (mg/dL)	13.0 ± 6.6	11.9 ± 6.7	0.718
Urinary copper excretion, mean ± SD (μg/24 h)	373.5 ± 1220.0	195.9 ± 184.0	0.640
sNfL concentration, mean ± SD (pg/mL)	27.2 ± 62.7	33.2 ± 23.5**	0.006

^*The time between first symptoms onset and disease diagnosis

^**Denotes statistically significance

MRI magnetic resonance imaging, SD standard deviation, sNfL serum neuro-filament light chain, UWDRS Unified Wilson’s Disease Rating Scale