Table 4.
Differences between low and high psychological distress groups on study variables.
| Low psychological distress group, (K10 < 16)% | High psychological distress group, (K10 ≥ 16)% | P-valuea,b | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Healthcare setting | 0.001 | ||
| Hospital (N = 189) | 17.5% | 82.5% | |
| First responders (n = 56) | 35.7% | 64.3% | |
| Primary care (n = 32) | 31.2% | 68.8% | |
| Long-term care (n = 16) | 12.5% | 87.5% | |
| Home care (n = 24) | 25.0% | 75.0% | |
| Other community health providers (n = 71) | 40.8% | 59.2% | |
| Gender Identity | 0.000 | ||
| Female | 37.0 | 18.1 | |
| Male | 63.0 | 81.9 | |
| Age | 0.000 | ||
| ≤55 years | 66.0 | 89.6 | |
| ≥55 years | 34.0 | 10.4 | |
| Marital Status | 0.452 | ||
| Married/common law | 72.0 | 66.3 | |
| Divorced/Separated/Window/er | 10.0 | 9.7 | |
| Single | 12.0 | 19.8 | |
| Employment status | 0.487 | ||
| Full-time | 80.0 | 77.4 | |
| Part-time/Casual | 18.0 | 22.2 | |
| Exposure to COVD-19 patients | |||
| Frontline worker | 38.0 | 31.3 | 0.357 |
| Non-frontline worker | 60.0 | 65.3 | |
| Organization of employment provides direct care to COVID-19 patients | 41.0 | 29.9 | 0.043 |
| Organization of employment does not provide direct care to COVID-19 patients | 59.0 | 70.1 | |
| Getting infected with COVID-19 | 0.003 | ||
| Not at all | 8.0 | 3.8 | |
| Somewhat concerned | 57.0 | 42.0 | |
| Very to extremely concerned | 35.0 | 53.8 | |
| Infecting family members with COVID-19 | 0.013 | ||
| Not at all | 11.0 | 4.5 | |
| Somewhat concerned | 26.0 | 19.4 | |
| Very to extremely concerned | 62.0 | 76.0 | |
| Being quarantined or forced to limit activities | 0.055 | ||
| Not at all | 17.0 | 11.8 | |
| Somewhat concerned | 47.0 | 38.2 | |
| Very to extremely concerned | 36.0 | 49.3 | |
| Ongoing work strain/over work due to COVID-19 pandemic | 0.000 | ||
| Not at all | 25.0 | 7.6 | |
| Somewhat concerned | 49.0 | 26.7 | |
| Very to extremely concerned | 26.0 | 65.3 | |
| Keeping yourself safe while on the job | 0.000 | ||
| Not at all | 16.0 | 5.6 | |
| Somewhat concerned | 39.0 | 28.5 | |
| Very to extremely concerned | 45.0 | 65.3 | |
| Your personal physical and mental health in general | 0.000 | ||
| Not at all | 22.0 | 1.0 | |
| Somewhat concerned | 62.0 | 31.3 | |
| Very to extremely concerned | 16.0 | 67.4 | |
| The financial well-being of yourself and/or your family | 0.003 | ||
| Not at all | 38.0 | 21.9 | |
| Somewhat concerned | 37.0 | 37.2 | |
| Very to extremely concerned | 25.0 | 39.9 | |
| Having enough staff to care for patients | 0.000 | ||
| Not at all | 35.0 | 18.8 | |
| Somewhat concerned | 33.0 | 28.1 | |
| Very to extremely concerned | 30.0 | 52.4 | |
| Being able to balance working with taking care of yourself | 0.000 | ||
| Not at all | 29.0 | 5.2 | |
| Somewhat concerned | 43.0 | 25.0 | |
| Very to extremely concerned | 28.0 | 69.8 | |
| Training, protection, and support | |||
| I had sufficient access to personal protective equipment | 0.588 | ||
| Not at all | 11.0 | 8.3 | |
| Somewhat sufficient | 7.0 | 9.4 | |
| Very sufficient | 82.0 | 82.3 | |
| The precautionary measures put in place were sufficient | 0.355 | ||
| Not at all | 6.0 | 10.4 | |
| Somewhat sufficient | 9.0 | 10.8 | |
| Very sufficient | 84.0 | 78.5 | |
| I had adequate information about COVID-19 | 0.036 | ||
| Not at all | 6.0 | 12.5 | |
| Somewhat sufficient | 7.0 | 12.8 | |
| Very sufficient | 87.0 | 74.3 | |
| Infection, prevention, and control (IPAC) standards were adequately explained | 0.000 | ||
| Not at all | 3.0 | 18.1 | |
| Somewhat sufficient | 10.0 | 14.9 | |
| Very sufficient | 87.0 | 67.0 | |
| Infection control training was sufficient | 0.000 | ||
| Not at all | 2.0 | 11.5 | |
| Somewhat sufficient | 13.0 | 24.3 | |
| Very sufficient | 84.0 | 63.5 | |
| I feel that emotional support is available to those who need it | 0.008 | ||
| Not at all | 5.0 | 17.4 | |
| Somewhat sufficient | 22.0 | 21.9 | |
| Very sufficient | 73.0 | 60.8 | |
| Job stress, M(SD) | 15.3 (4.32) | 18.0 (3.79) | 0.000 |
| Median (IQR) | 16 (13–18) | 18 (16–21) | 0.000 |
| Respectful leadership, M(SD) | 46.9 (11.80) | 38.4 (14.0) | 0.000 |
| Median (IQR) | 51 (40–55.5) | 39 (28–50) | 0.000 |
a
values of P < 0.0021 (0.05/24) were considered statistically significant.
b
Chi-square analyses, independent sample’s t-tests, or Kruskal Wallis tests were used, as appropriate, to assess differences between healthcare settings.