Table 2.
Multivariate single-metal model logistic regression the relationship between the heavy metals and the presence of kidney stone.
| Metals | Phosphorus | Magnesium | Copper | Selenium | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95% CI) | P | aOR (95% CI) | P | aOR (95% CI) | P | aOR (95% CI) | P | |
| Overall | 0.008 | <0.001 | 0.041 | 0.133 | ||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 | 0.971 (0.868–1.086) | 0.605 | 0.874 (0.782–0.977) | 0.018 | 0.905 (0.808–1.011) | 0.075 | 0.983 (0.879–1.100) | 0.769 |
| Q3 | 0.899 (0.801–1.010) | 0.072 | 0.819 (0.730–0.919) | 0.001 | 0.880 (0.785–0.987) | 0.028 | 0.952 (0.849–1.068) | 0.399 |
| Q4 | 0.821 (0.727–0.929) | 0.002 | 0.770 (0.683–0.868) | <0.001 | 0.853 (0.756–0.959) | 0.009 | 0.872 (0.772–0.986) | 0.029 |
| Male | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.137 | 0.054 | ||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 | 1.026 (0.864–1.217) | 0.773 | 0.901 (0.763–1.065) | 0.222 | 0.937 (0.793–1.106) | 0.441 | 0.972 (0.820–1.153) | 0.747 |
| Q3 | 0.991 (0.838–1.171) | 0.911 | 0.925 (0.787–1.088) | 0.347 | 0.919 (0.781–1.082) | 0.310 | 0.951 (0.807–1.122) | 0.554 |
| Q4 | 0.810 (0.684–0.958) | 0.014 | 0.736 (0.625–0.867) | <0.001 | 0.829 (0.704–0.976) | 0.024 | 0.821 (0.696–0.968) | 0.019 |
| Female | 0.063 | 0.001 | 0.343 | 0.670 | ||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 | 0.929 (0.799–1.080) | 0.340 | 0.868 (0.746–1.010) | 0.066 | 0.897 (0.768–1.048) | 0.170 | 0.963 (0.828–1.120) | 0.624 |
| Q3 | 0.798 (0.675–0.943) | 0.008 | 0.701 (0.591–0.831) | <0.001 | 0.875 (0.740–1.034) | 0.116 | 0.917 (0.778–1.080) | 0.299 |
| Q4 | 0.958 (0.793–1.157) | 0.653 | 0.932 (0.776–1.119) | 0.449 | 0.968 (0.810–1.158) | 0.726 | 1.024 (0.845–1.241) | 0.809 |
| BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 | 0.412 | 0.136 | 0.623 | 0.403 | ||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 | 0.919 (0.715–1.181) | 0.509 | 0.897 (0.698–1.153) | 0.396 | 0.924 (0.715–1.195) | 0.546 | 1.112 (0.869–1.422) | 0.399 |
| Q3 | 0.949 (0.735–1.225) | 0.688 | 0.842 (0.649–1.091) | 0.193 | 0.934 (0.722–1.209) | 0.604 | 0.922 (0.709–1.198) | 0.544 |
| Q4 | 0.794 (0.602–1.049) | 0.105 | 0.728 (0.556–0.953) | 0.021 | 0.837 (0.642–1.092) | 0.190 | 0.913 (0.695–1.200) | 0.515 |
| BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 | 0.019 | 0.001 | 0.173 | 0.199 | ||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 | 0.983 (0.866–1.114) | 0.784 | 0.867 (0.766–0.982) | 0.025 | 0.908 (0.801–1.030) | 0.135 | 0.952 (0.839–1.080) | 0.447 |
| Q3 | 0.884 (0.776–1.007) | 0.063 | 0.813 (0.715–0.924) | 0.002 | 0.885 (0.778–1.007) | 0.063 | 0.958 (0.843–1.089) | 0.513 |
| Q4 | 0.828 (0.722–0.949) | 0.007 | 0.781 (0.683–0.893) | <0.001 | 0.874 (0.765–0.998) | 0.047 | 0.864 (0.753–0.991) | 0.036 |
CI, confidence interval; aOR, adjusted odds ratio.
Adjusted to: gender, age, race, marital status, education level, BMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, vigorous physical activities, moderate physical activities, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).