Table 2.
Basic features of the included literature
| Study (Year) | Country | Subjects (T/C) | Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | Age (years) | Characteristics | Interventions | Frequency | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barakat R (2012) [29] | Spain | 40/43 |
T: 22.70 ± 2.80 C: 23.00 ± 2.90 |
T: 32.00 ± 4.00 C: 31.00 ± 3.00 |
Healthy pregnant women | Land/aquatic activities | 35–45 min session, 3 times a week | Weeks (6–9) to (38–39) |
| Barakat R (2014) [23] | Spain | 107/93 |
T: 23.78 ± 4.40 C: 24.09 ± 4.32 |
T: 31.57 ± 3.87 C: 31.51 ± 3.92 |
Healthy pregnant women | Physical conditioning program | 55–60 min, 3 days per week | Weeks (9–13) to (39–40) |
| Fernandez-Buhigas I (2020) [24] | Spain | 41/51 |
T: 22.81 ± 3.54 C: 23.80 ± 5.09 |
T: 33.17 ± 3.19 C: 32.63 ± 4.66 |
General pregnancy | Supervised physical conditioning program | 30 mins per day at least 3 times per week | Weeks (12+ 3–15+ 6 to (38+ 0–39+ 6) |
| Fieril KP (2015) [25] | Sweden | 38/34 |
T: 22.60 ± 2.50 C: 23.00 ± 2.60 |
T: 30.80 ± 3.60 C: 30.60 ± 3.40 |
General pregnancy | High-repetition, resistance training | 2 times a week | Weeks 14 to 25 |
| Garnæs KK (2016) [26] | Norway | 38/36 |
T: 33.90 ± 3.80 C: 35.10 ± 4.60 |
T: 31.30 ± 3.80 C: 31.40 ± 4.70 |
Obese pregnant women | Hospital/home exercise； muscle exercises | 3 times weekly; 50 mins at least once | Weeks (12–18) to delivery |
| Guelfi KJ (2016) [30] | Australia | 84/85 |
<25 (85) 25 ~ 29.90 (57) ≥30 (38) |
T: 33.60 ± 4.10 C: 33.80 ± 3.90 |
Women with history of GDM | Supervised home-based exercise program | 20–30 min to a maximum of 60 mins, 3 times a week | Started weeks (12–14), lasted for 14 weeks |
| Haakstad LA (2016) [19] | Norway | 35/26 |
T: 22.90 ± 3.20 C: 23.00 ± 3.10 |
T: 31.50 ± 3.10 C: 29.40 ± 3.80 |
Healthy pregnant women | Aerobic exercise | 60 mins 2/week | Started weeks (12–24) |
| Halse RE (2015) [31] | Australia | 20/20 |
T: 25.20 ± 6.70 C: 26.40 ± 7.10 |
T: 34.00 ± 5.00 C: 32.00 ± 3.00 |
Pregnancy with GDM | Supervised home-based exercise program | 4 supervised exercise sessions each week, 2 unsupervised exercise sessions | Weeks (28.8 ± 0.9) to (34.6 ± 0.3) |
| Khoram S (2019) [16] | Iran | 36/36 |
T: 27.36 ± 3.64 C: 34.97 ± 4.37 |
T: 31.91 ± 4.62 C: 31.00 ± 5.29 |
Pregnant women susceptible to GH | Walking program | 20–30 min，4 times a week | Weeks 14 to 34 |
| Kim YJ (2018) [27] | Korea | 23/22 | Not mentioned |
T: 32.22 ± 2.58 C: 31.50 ± 4.48 |
High risk pregnant women | Structured bed exercise | 4 times in total from the 3th day hospitalization once per day for 4 days, for 30 mins per time | Not mentioned |
| Nascimento SL (2011) [28] | Brazil | 39/41 |
T: 29.70 ± 6.80 C: 30.90 ± 5.90 |
T: 34.80 ± 6.60 C: 36.40 ± 6.90 |
Overweight/ obese pregnant women | Supervised exercise; home exercise | 40 mins weekly | Lasted for mean of 12.3 weeks |
| Perales M (2020) [10] | Spain | 688/660 |
T: 23.50 ± 3.90 C: 23.60 ± 4.00 |
T: 32.00 ± 4.00 C: 31.00 ± 4.00 |
General pregnancy | Moderate intensity exercise program | 50 to 55 mins sessions | Weeks 9 to 38/39 |
| Sá JC (2016) [18] | Brazil | 15/15 |
T: 2.10 ± 4.00 C: 32.30 ± 5.80 |
25.80 ± 4.80 | Overweight/ obese sedentary PCOS women | Walking / jogging | 3 times per week | Lasted for 16 weeks |
| Seneviratne SN (2016) [32] | New Zealand | 37/37 | ≥25.00 | 18.00–40.00 | Overweight and obese pregnant women | Moderate intensity stationary cycling programme | Between 15 and 30 mins per session, 3-5sessions per week | Lasted for 16 weeks |
| Stutzman SS (2010) [22] | Canada | 11/11 |
T: 26.20 ± 5.99 C: 26.76 ± 5.98 |
T: 26.76 ± 5.98 C: 26.02 ± 4.40 |
Normal and overweight pregnant women | Low-intensity walking program | 5 days per week | Lasted for or 16 weeks |
| Huifen Z (2022) [34] | China | 46/43 |
T: 23.03 ± 5.22 C: 21.98 ± 2.96 |
T: 31.84 ± 5.19 C:31.35 ± 4.72 |
GDM women |
resistance exercise of upper and lower limb muscles |
3 times per week | at least 6 weeks |
| Silva-Jose C (2021) [35] | Spain | 31/41 |
T:22.61 ± 3.22 C:23.06 ± 7.80 |
T:32.29 ± 6.36 C:33.93 ± 4.59 |
singleton and uncomplicated pregnancy | virtual supervised exercise program | 3 weekly sessions of 55–60 min |
8–10 and 38– 39 weeks of pregnancy |
| Vinter CA (2011) [33] | Denmark | 150/154 |
T: 33.89 ± 3.59 C: 34.00 ± 3.89 |
T: 29.35 ± 3.74 C: 28.65 ± 3.74 |
Obese pregnant women | Not mentioned | Moderately physically active 30-60 mins daily | Lasted for 6 months |
T intervention group, C control group, BMI Body mass index, GH Gestational hypertension, GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, PCOS Polycystic ovarian syndrome