Table 3.
Results on the association between sarcopenia and the hospitalization-related outcomes, both at the cross-sectional level and at-follow up
| Cross-sectional analysis | At follow-up | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarcopenia if frailty is measured via the Frailty Index | Sarcopenia if frailty is measured via the FTS5 | Sarcopenia if frailty is measured via the Frailty Index | Sarcopenia if frailty is measured via the FTS5 | |
| Model 1 | ||||
| OR on the probability of being admitted to hospital | 1.557** (1.141–2.106) | 1.469** (1.133–1.982) | ||
| Coeff on number of hospital admissions | 0.221 (− 0.358–0.799) | 0.009 (− 0.366–0.384) | ||
| Coeff on length of hospitalization | 0.162 (− 0.221–0.545) | − 0.037 (− 0.343–0.269) | ||
| Coeff on hospitalization costs | − 0.032 (− 0.320–0.255) | − 0.063 (− 0.295–0.168) | ||
| Model 2 | ||||
| OR on the probability of being admitted to hospital | 1.481* (1.034–2.104) | 1.760*** (1.283–2.456) | ||
| Coeff on number of hospital admissions | 0.513 (− 0.271–1.298) | −0.011 (− 0.484–0.463) | ||
| Coeff on length of hospitalization | 0.159 (− 0.307–0.626) | − 0.140 (− 0.531–0.250) | ||
| Coeff on hospitalization costs | 0.055 (− 0.248–0.359) | − 0.051 (− 0.303–0.202) | ||
| Model 3 | ||||
| OR on the probability of being admitted to hospital | 1.318 (0.909–1.895) | 1.456 (0.991–2.134) | 1.629** (1.177–2.301) | 1.477* (1.028–2.132) |
| Coeff on number of hospital admissions | 0.484 (− 0.387–1.355) | 0.387 (− 0.507–1.281) | − 0.142 (− 0.669–0.385) | −0.231 (− 0.642–0.180) |
| Coeff on length of hospitalization | − 0.033 (− 0.565–0.498) | −0.096 (− 0.599–0.406) | −0.298 (− 0.726–0.129) | −0.244 (− 0.705–0.216) |
| Coeff on hospitalization costs | 0.025 (− 0.282–0.333) | 0.122 (− 0.227–0.471) | −0.093 (− 0.359–0.172) | −0.129 (− 0.374–0.116) |
| Model 4 | ||||
| OR on the probability of being admitted to hospital | 1.197 (0.824–1.726) | 1.318 (0.897–1.934) | 1.463* (1.059–2.074) | 1.348 (0.941–1.944) |
| Coeff on number of hospital admissions | 0.357 (− 0.404–1.117) | 0.264 (−0.533–1.061) | −0.180 (− 0.654–0.293) | −0.270 (− 0.637–0.097) |
| Coeff on length of hospitalization | −0.092 (− 0.558–0.374) | −0.151 (− 0.585–0.283) | −0.035 (− 0.747–0.045) | −0.318 (− 0.735–0.099) |
| Coeff on hospitalization costs | 0.013 (− 0.283–0.309) | 0.091 (− 0.241–0.423) | −0.126 (− 0.373–0.122) | −0.164 (− 0.403–0.075) |
95% confidence intervals in parentheses. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05
Model 1 includes sarcopenia as the only independent variable. Model 2 enters sociodemographic characteristics (age and its square and gender) in addition to sarcopenia. Model 3 adds to Model 2 the frailty status, measured by the Frailty Index or the Frailty Trait Score. Models 4 adds the comorbidity severity of individual according to the Charlson Index, which is medium-low if the Charlson Index score is 1 or 2; and high if the Charlson Index score is three or higher. Moreover, polypharmacy is also included if the daily number of drugs the subject is taking is 5 or more