Table 5.
Results on the association between the frailty and sarcopenia status and the hospitalization-related outcomes, both at the cross-sectional level and at-follow up
| Cross-sectional analysis | At follow-up | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frailty measured with the Frailty Index | Frailty measured with the FTS5 | Frailty measured with the Frailty Index | Frailty measured with the FTS5 | |
| Model 1 | ||||
| Non-frail # without sarcopenia | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Non-frail # with sarcopenia | ||||
| OR on the probability of being admitted to hospital | 1.295 (0.908–1.828) | 1.388 (0.949–2.030) | 1.357 (0.991–1.871) | 1.293 (0.916–1.827) |
| Coeff on number of hospital admissions | 0.258 (− 0.443–0.959) | 0.101 (− 0.683–0.884) | − 0.095 (− 0.618–0.429) | − 0.335 (− 0.728–0.059) |
| Coeff on length of hospitalization | 0.264 (− 0.185–0.713) | 0.007 (− 0.452–0.466) | −0.125 (− 0.487–0.238) | −0.122 (− 0.527–0.282) |
| Coeff on hospitalization costs | −0.005 (− 0.327–0.317) | 0.043 (− 0.341–0.427) | − 0.096 (− 0.377–0.185) | −0.177 (− 0.429–0.075) |
| Frail # without sarcopenia | ||||
| OR on the probability of being admitted to hospital | 2.926** (1.367–6.262) | 1.334 (0.533–3.339) | 2.771** (1.333–5.760) | 3.175** (1.492–6.754) |
| Coeff on number of hospital admissions | 0.391 (− 0.694–1.477) | 0.467 (− 0.311–1.245) | 0.733** (0.241–1.226) | 0.165 (− 0.561–0.891) |
| Coeff on length of hospitalization | 1.302*** (0.745–1.859) | 0.891** (0.261–1.521) | 0.985** (0.371–1.599) | 0.337 (− 0.510–1.184) |
| Coeff on hospitalization costs | 0.380 (− 0.240–1.001) | 0.362* (0.070–0.795) | 0.259 (− 0.207–0.726) | −0.045 (− 0.579–0.490) |
| Frail # with sarcopenia | ||||
| OR on the probability of being admitted to hospital | 3.316*** (1.854–5.931) | 1.768* (1.113–2.740) | 2.621*** (1.485–4.624) | 2.025*** (1.376–3.116) |
| Coeff on number of hospital admissions | 0.232 (− 0.568–1.031) | 0.406 (−0.343–1.154) | 0.443* (0.052–0.834) | 0.307 (− 0.194–0.807) |
| Coeff on length of hospitalization | 0.424 (− 0.146–0.994) | 0.436 (−0.080–0.951) | 0.458* (0.038–0.878) | 0.101 (− 0.287–0.488) |
| Coeff on hospitalization costs | −0.005 (− 0.505–0.496) | 0.169* (0.144–0.194) | 0.093 (− 0.218–0.403) | 0.057 (−0.296–0.411) |
| Model 2 | ||||
| Non-frail # without sarcopenia | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Non-frail # with sarcopenia | ||||
| OR on the probability of being admitted to hospital | 1.324 (0.895–1.941) | 1.427 (0.943–2.162) | 1.681** (1.200–2.411) | 1.640* (1.119–2.395) |
| Coeff on number of hospital admissions | 0.567 (−0.340–1.474) | 0.401 (− 0.579–1.380) | −0.100 (− 0.737–0.536) | −0.340 (− 0.795–0.115) |
| Coeff on length of hospitalization | 0.314 (− 0.229–0.857) | 0.034 (− 0.479–0.547) | −0.203 (− 0.661–0.255) | −0.211 (− 0.691–0.269) |
| Coeff on hospitalization costs | 0.078 (− 0.248–0.405) | 0.111 (− 0.271–0.493) | −0.085 (− 0.374–0.203) | −0.158 (− 0.425–0.109) |
| Frail # without sarcopenia | ||||
| OR on the probability of being admitted to hospital | 2.216 (0.994–4.945) | 0.940 (0.361–2.448) | 2.109 (0.977–4.545) | 2.785* (1.187–6.540) |
| Coeff on number of hospital admissions | 0.416 (− 0.823–1.655) | 0.363 (−0.778–1.504) | 0.687* (0.135–1.240) | 0.321 (− 0.410–1.053) |
| Coeff on length of hospitalization | 1.256*** (0.716–1.796) | 0.945** (0.380–1.510) | 0.918** (0.250–1.585) | 0.349 (−0.538–1.235) |
| Coeff on hospitalization costs | 0.379(− 0.205–0.962) | 0.258* (0.131–0.385) | 0.312 (− 0.139–0.763) | 0.100 (−0.410–0.610) |
| Frail # with sarcopenia | ||||
| OR on the probability of being admitted to hospital | 2.837*** (1.501–5.370) | 1.561 (0.933–2.553) | 2.638** (1.428–4.847) | 2.305*** (1.495–3.726) |
| Coeff on number of hospital admissions | 0.518 (− 0.389–1.424) | 0.682 (−0.196–1.559) | 0.437* (0.014–0.860) | 0.316 (− 0.275–0.906) |
| Coeff on length of hospitalization | 0.428 (− 0.202–1.057) | 0.400 (−0.189–0.990) | 0.371 (− 0.102–0.843) | 0.014 (− 0.428–0.456) |
| Coeff on hospitalization costs | 0.114 (−0.390–0.618) | 0.054* (0.001–0.107) | 0.167 (− 0.154–0.488) | 0.091 (−0.271–0.452) |
| Model 3 | ||||
| Non-frail # without sarcopenia | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Non-frail # with sarcopenia | ||||
| OR on the probability of being admitted to hospital | 1.170 (0.786–1.729) | 1.252 (0.820–1.911) | 1.483* (1.057–2.144) | 1.469* (1.002–2.149) |
| Coeff on number of hospital admissions | 0.401 (−0.437–1.240) | 0.255 (− 0.664–1.174) | −0.163 (− 0.747–0.421) | −0.466 (− 0.903–0.029) |
| Coeff on length of hospitalization | 0.156 (− 0.368–0.680) | −0.096 (− 0.597–0.405) | −0.295 (− 0.741–0.150) | −0.381 (− 0.867–0.105) |
| Coeff on hospitalization costs | 0.057 (− 0.261–0.376) | 0.073 (− 0.287–0.433) | −0.131 (− 0.398–0.135) | −0.219 (− 0.486–0.048) |
| Frail # without sarcopenia | ||||
| OR on the probability of being admitted to hospital | 1.628 (0.730–3.624) | 0.708 (0.264–1.893) | 1.556 (0.728–3.348) | 2.217 (0.918–5.383) |
| Coeff on number of hospital admissions | 0.043 (−1.040–1.125) | 0.143 (−0.773–1.059) | 0.539* (0.026–1.051) | 0.133 (− 0.566–0.832) |
| Coeff on length of hospitalization | 0.831** (0.300–1.363) | 0.511* (0.055–0.966) | 0.701* (0.108–1.294) | 0.090 (−0.768–0.947) |
| Coeff on hospitalization costs | 0.179 (− 0.368–0.726) | 0.337 (− 0.087–0.761) | 0.201 (−0.242–0.644) | 0.125 (− 0.219–0.469) |
| Frail # with sarcopenia | ||||
| OR on the probability of being admitted to hospital | 2.255* (1.174–4.333) | 1.289* (1.043–1.675) | 2.041* (1.093–3.803) | 1.869** (1.199–3.094) |
| Coeff on number of hospital admissions | 0.204 (−0.639–1.046) | 0.451 (− 0.350–1.251) | 0.315 (− 0.102–0.731) | 0.246 (−0.277–0.769) |
| Coeff on length of hospitalization | 0.166 (− 0.442–0.775) | 0.183 (− 0.387–0.754) | 0.209 (−0.250–0.667) | −0.072 (− 0.492–0.347) |
| Coeff on hospitalization costs | −0.050 (− 0.488–0.387) | 0.106* (0.0002–0.211) | 0.114 (− 0.220–0.448) | 0.046* (0.00005–0.092) |
95% confidence intervals in parentheses. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05
Model 1 includes the interaction term between frailty status, measured by the Frailty Index or the Frailty Trait Score, and sarcopenia as the only independent variable. Model 2 enters sociodemographic characteristics (age and its square and gender) in addition to the interaction term from Model 1. Model 3 adds to Model 2 the comorbidity severity of individual according to the Charlson Index, which is medium-low if the Charlson Index score is 1 or 2; and high if the Charlson Index score is three or higher. Moreover, polypharmacy is also included if the daily number of drugs the subject is taking is 5 or more