. 2022 Sep 13;17(9):e0274403. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274403

Table 4. Synthesis of evidence, risk of bias judgements and quality of evidence scores for the impact of tonic pain on individual task performance outcome measures.

Outcome measure	Studies	Motor learning paradigm	Tonic Pain paradigm	D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	Overall risk of bias	Impact of pain of learning	Quality of evidence
*Acquisition Phase*
Accuracy–number of errors.	Bilodeau (2016) [31]	Sequential finger tapping task	Cutaneous	L	L	L	H	SC	High	NC	Very low
	Dancey (2014) [30]			L	SC	L	H	SC	High	+
	Dancey (2016) [32]			L	SC	L	H	SC	High	-
Accuracy–temporal/spatial error from actual trace	Boudreau (2007) [10]	Visuomotor task	Cutaneous	L	SC	L	L	SC	Some concerns	-	Low
	Dancey (2016) [33]			SC	L	L	SC	SC	Some concerns	NC
	Dancey (2019) [16]			L	L	L	SC	SC	Some concerns	NC
	Rittig-Rasmussen (2014) [35]		Muscle	L	SC	L	L	SC	Some concerns	NC
Number of missed targets	Mavromatis (2017) [34]	Visuomotor task	Cutaneous	L	L	L	L	SC	Some concerns	NC	Low
Ecological measure	Arieh (2021) [41]	Dart throwing	Cutaneous	SC	L	L	L	SC	Some concerns	NC	Low
Movement error	Bouffard (2014) [39]	Motor adaptation task	Cutaneous	L	L	L	L	SC	Some concerns	NC	Low
	Bouffard (2016) [38]			L	L	L	SC	SC	Some concerns	NC
	Lamothe (2014) [36]			L	L	L	L	SC	Some concerns	NC
	Bouffard (2018) [40]		Muscle	SC	L	L	SC	SC	Some concerns	NC
	Salomoni (2019) [37]		Muscle	SC	L	L	L	SC	Some concerns	NC
Speed	Bilodeau (2016) [31]	Sequential finger tapping task	Cutaneous	L	L	L	L	SC	Some concerns	NC	Low
Movement time	Mavromatis (2017) [34]	Visuomotor task		L	L	L	L	SC	Some concerns	NC	Low
Reaction times	Dancey (2014) [30]	Sequential finger tapping task	Cutaneous	L	SC	L	SC	SC	Some concerns	NC	Low
Reaction times	Dancey (2016) [32]	Sequential finger tapping task	Cutaneous	L	SC	L	SC	SC	Some concerns	NC	Low
Accuracy/speed trade off	Mavromatis (2017) [34]	Visuomotor task	Cutaneous	L	L	L	L	SC	Some concerns	NC	Low
Timing of errors	Bouffard (2016) [38]	Motor adaptation task	Cutaneous	L	L	L	SC	SC	Some concerns	-	Low
Timing of errors	Bouffard (2018) [40]	Motor adaptation task	Muscle	SC	L	L	SC	SC	Some concerns	-	Low
Acceleration	Ingham (2011) [13]	Repeated ballistic movements	Muscle	L	L	L	L	SC	Some concerns	NC	Low
*Retention/consolidation*
Accuracy–number of errors.	Bilodeau (2016) [31]	Sequential finger tapping task	Cutaneous	L	L	L	H	SC	High	NC	Very Low
Accuracy–number of errors.	Dancey (2016) [32]	Sequential finger tapping task	Cutaneous	L	SC	L	H	SC	High	-	Very Low
Accuracy–temporal/spatial error from actual trace	Dancey (2016) [33]	Visuomotor task	Cutaneous	SC	L	L	SC	SC	Some concerns	-	Low
Accuracy–temporal/spatial error from actual trace	Dancey (2019) [16]	Visuomotor task	Cutaneous	L	SC	L	SC	SC	Some concerns	NC	Low
Movement error	Bouffard (2014) [39]	Motor adaptation task	Cutaneous	L	SC	L	L	SC	Some concerns	-	Low
	Bouffard (2016) [38]			L	SC	L	SC	SC	Some concerns	NC
	Lamothe (2014) [36]			L	SC	L	L	SC	Some concerns	NC
	Bouffard (2018) [40]		Muscle	SC	SC	L	SC	SC	Some concerns	NC
	Salomoni (2019) [37]		Muscle	SC	SC	L	L	SC	Some concerns	NC
Speed	Bilodeau (2016) [31]	Sequential finger tapping task	Cutaneous	L	L	L	L	SC	Some concerns	NC	Low
Reaction times	Dancey (2016) [32]	Sequential finger tapping task	Cutaneous	L	SC	L	SC	SC	Some concerns	NC	Low
Relative timing of errors	Bouffard (2016) [38]	Motor adaptation task	Cutaneous	L	SC	L	SC	SC	Some concerns	NC	Low
Relative timing of errors	Bouffard (2018) [40]	Motor adaptation task	Muscle	SC	SC	L	SC	SC	Some concerns	NC	Low

Abbreviations: NC, No change in task performance; -, Pain caused a reduction in task performance; +, Pain caused an increase in task performance; Risk of bias: L = Low, SC = Some concerns, H = High.