Table 5. Synthesis of evidence, risk of bias judgements and quality of evidence scores for the impact of tonic pain on individual activity dependent plasticity outcome.
| Outcome measure | Studies | Motor learning paradigm | Tonic pain paradigm | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | Overall risk of bias | Impact of pain | Quality of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acquisition Phase | |||||||||||
| N18 SEP Peak | Dancey (2016) [33] | Visuomotor Task | Cutaneous | SC | L | L | SC | SC | Some concerns | - | Low |
| Dancey (2014) [30] | Sequential finger tapping task | L | SC | L | SC | SC | Some concerns | ||||
| Dancey (2016) [32] | L | SC | L | SC | SC | Some concerns | NC | ||||
| N24 SEP Peak | Dancey (2016) [33] | Visuomotor Task | Cutaneous | SC | L | L | SC | SC | Some concerns | + | Low |
| Dancey (2014) [30] | Sequential finger tapping task | L | SC | L | SC | SC | Some concerns | NC | |||
| Dancey (2016) [32] | L | SC | L | SC | SC | Some concerns | NC | ||||
| N30 SEP Peak | Dancey (2016) [33] | Visuomotor Task | Cutaneous | SC | L | L | SC | SC | Some concerns | NC | Low |
| Dancey (2014) [30] | Sequential finger tapping task | L | SC | L | SC | SC | Some concerns | + | |||
| Dancey (2016) [32] | L | SC | L | SC | SC | Some concerns | NC | ||||
| N20 SEP Peak | Dancey (2016) [33] | Visuomotor Task | Cutaneous | SC | L | L | SC | SC | Some concerns | - | Low |
| Dancey (2014) [30] | Sequential finger tapping task | L | SC | L | SC | SC | Some concerns | NC | |||
| Dancey (2016) [32] | L | SC | L | SC | SC | Some concerns | - | ||||
| P25 SEP Peak | Dancey (2016) [33] | Visuomotor Task | Cutaneous | SC | L | L | SC | SC | Some concerns | NC | Low |
| Dancey (2014) [30] | Sequential finger tapping task | L | SC | L | SC | SC | Some concerns | NC | |||
| Dancey (2016) [32] | L | SC | L | SC | SC | Some concerns | NC | ||||
| TMS induced finger acceleration | Ingham (2011) [13] | Repeated ballistic movements | Muscle | L | L | L | L | SC | Some concerns | NC | Low |
| Single pulse MEPs | Boudreau (2007) [10] | Visuomotor Task | Cutaneous | L | SC | L | L | SC | Some concerns | + | Low |
| Mavromatis (2017) [34] | L | L | L | L | SC | Some concerns | - midsession | ||||
| Ingham (2011) [13] | Repeated ballistic movements | Muscle | L | L | L | L | SC | Some concerns | NC | ||
| SICI | Mavromatis (2017) [34] | Visuomotor Task | Cutaneous | L | L | L | L | SC | Some concerns | NC | Very low |
| TMS-MEP response curves | Boudreau (2007) [10] | Visuomotor Task | Cutaneous | L | SC | L | L | SC | Some concerns | - | Very low |
| Slope of TMS-MEP response curves | Dancey (2019) [16] | Visuomotor Task | Cutaneous | L | L | L | SC | SC | Some concerns | - | Very low |
Abbreviations: TMS, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; SEPs, Somatosensory Evoked Potentials; MEP, Motor evoked potential; SICI, Short Intracortical Inhibition; SICF, Short Intracortical Facilitation; NC, No change in task performance; -, Pain caused a reduction in task performance; +, Pain caused an increase in task performance; Risk of bias: L = Low, SC = Some concerns, H = High.