Table 6. Synthesis of evidence, risk of bias judgements and quality of evidence scores for the impact of clinical pain on individual task performance outcome measures.
| Outcome Measure | Studies | Motor learning paradigm | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | Overall Risk of bias | Impact of pain | Quality of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acquisition Phase | ||||||||||||
| Accuracy–temporal/spatial error from actual trace | Andrew (2018) [46] | Visuomotor task | S | L | L | L | L | M | L | Serious | NC | Very low |
| Accuracy | Parker (2017) [42] | Repeated ballistic movements | S | L | L | L | L | M | L | Serious | + | Very low |
| Acceleration | Vallence (2013) [43] | Repeated ballistic movements | S | L | L | L | L | M | L | Serious | - | Very low |
| Time to target | Brown (2022) [44] | Explicit Motor sequence task | M | L | L | L | L | M | L | Moderate | NC | Low |
| Time to target | Brown (2022) [44] | Implicit Motor sequence task | M | L | L | L | L | M | L | Moderate | NC | Low |
| Distance hand moved | Brown (2022) [44] | Explicit Motor sequence task | M | L | L | L | L | M | L | Moderate | NC | Low |
| Distance hand moved | Brown (2022) [44] | Implicit Motor sequence task | M | L | L | L | L | M | L | Moderate | NC | Low |
| Movement error | Dupuis (2022) [45] | Motor Adaptation | M | L | L | L | L | M | L | Moderate | NC | Low |
| Timing of errors | Dupuis (2022) [45] | Motor Adaptation | M | L | L | L | L | M | L | Moderate | NC | Low |
| Retention/consolidation | ||||||||||||
| Accuracy–temporal/spatial error from actual trace | Andrew (2018) [46] | Visuomotor task | S | L | L | L | L | M | L | Serious | - | Very low |
| Time to target | Brown (2022) [44] | Explicit Motor sequence task | M | L | L | L | L | M | L | Moderate | NC | Low |
| Time to target | Brown (2022) [44] | Implicit Motor sequence task | M | L | L | L | L | M | L | Moderate | NC | Low |
| Distance hand moved | Brown (2022) [44] | Explicit Motor sequence task | M | L | L | L | L | M | L | Moderate | NC | Low |
| Distance hand moved | Brown (2022) [44] | Implicit Motor sequence task | M | L | L | L | L | M | L | Moderate | NC | Low |
| Movement error | Dupuis (20220) [45] | Motor Adaptation | M | L | L | L | L | M | L | Moderate | NC | Low |
| Timing of errors | Dupuis (2022) [45] | Motor Adaptation | M | L | L | L | L | M | L | Moderate | NC | Low |
Abbreviations: NC, No change in task performance; -, Pain caused a reduction in task performance; +, Pain caused an increase in task performance; Risk of bias: L = Low, M = Medium S = Serious, C = Critical.