Table 2.

Anti-inflammatory effect of flavonols.

Flavonoid	Experimental Model	Treatment/dose	Mechanism of action or main results	Author/year
Quercetin	In vivo Acetic acid induced ulcer gastric in male Wistar rats	2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg	(i)Reduction of expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 (ii)Inhibition of COX-2	[99]
	In vivo Isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats	50 mg/kg	(i)Protection against heart damage (ii)Attenuation of oxidative stress (iii)Protection of cardiac architecture (iv)Modulation of calpain expression (v)Reduction of expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6	[98]
	In vitro Human colonic epithelial cell line Caco-2 cell	200 μM	(i)Inhibition of NLRP3 activation (ii)Reduced ROS production (iii)Reduction in IL-1 and IL-18 levels	[105]
	In vivo Acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) model in rats	50 mg/kg	(i)Mitigation of damage to the pancreas, ileum, and intestine (ii)Suppression of TLR4/MyD88/p38 and inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress	[103]
	In vitro Human middle ear epithelial cells (HMEECs), renal epithelial cells (HK2), and mouse lung epithelial cells (MLE-12), human liver epithelial cells (L02), and human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B)	40, 80 and 120 μM	(i)Suppressed NTHi-induced CXCR4 expression levels in vitro and in vivo (ii)Blocked CXCR4 activation through direct IKKβ phosphorylation inhibition	[102]
	In vivo Otitis NTHi-induced in mice	20, 40 and 80 mg/kg
Isoquercetin	In vivo Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male Wistar rats	40 mg/kg	(i)Reduction in inflammation marker levels (IL-1β, C-reactive protein, and MPC-1) (ii)Restoration of plasma antioxidant capacity (iii)Inhibition of 12/15-LOX activity in the lungs and liver (iv)Upregulation of HO-1 expression in the joints and lungs (v)Reversal of weight loss, reduction in glucose levels, and increase in insulin production (vi)Increased SOD and CAT activity (vii)Suppression of the inflammatory genes NF-κB, IL-1, IL-6, TLR, TNF-α, and COX-2	[109]
Kaempferol	In vitro Anti-adipogenic effects on 3 T3-L1 cells	7.5, 15, and 30 μM	(i) Blockage of 3 T3-L1 differentiation and lipid accumulation in mature adipocytes (ii)Reduction in expression of the adipogenic markers PPARγ and C/EBPα in 3 T3-L1 cells	[108]
	In vivo Wild-type zebrafish	5, 10, and 20 μM
	In vitro Anti-adipogenic effects on 3 T3-L1 cells	20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150, and 170 μM	(i)Modulation of adipogenic gene expression in mature adipocytes (ii)Decreased accumulation of lipids in mature adipocytes (iii)Upregulation of Pnpla2 and Lipe mRNA expression	[110]
Myricetin	LPS stimulated H9c2 cells	H0, 10, 30, and 50 μM	(i)Reduction in cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2 levels (ii)Increase in Bax levels in H9c2 cells (iii)Reduction in MCP-1/CCL-2 and IκBα phosphorylation levels	[111]